Chimeric oligomeric compounds comprising alternating regions of northern and southern conformational geometry

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel chimeric oligomeric compounds having a plurality of alternating regions having either RNA like having northern or 3′-endo conformational geometry (3′-endo regions) or DNA like having southern or C2′-endo/O4′-endo conformational geometry. The oligomeric compounds of the present invention have shown reduction in mRNA levels in multiple in vitro and in vivo assay systems and are useful, for example, for investigative and therapeutic purposes.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/501,719 filed Sep. 9, 2003 and to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/568,489 filed May 6, 2004, each which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel chimeric oligomeric compounds having regions of nucleosides that are RNA like having northern or 3′-endo conformational geometry (3′-endo regions) and regions of nucleosides that are DNA like having southern or C2′-endo/O4′-endo conformational geometry. In certain embodiments the nucleosides that comprise the DNA like regions are 2′-deoxyribonucleosides. Chimeric oligomeric compounds include those having 3′-endo regions positioned at the 3′ and 5′-termini with at least two internal C2′-endo/O4′-endo regions that are separated by at least one 3′-endo region. In other embodiments there are at least 5 separate regions that alternate between C2′-endo/O4′-endo and 3′-endo regions. The oligomeric compounds of the present invention are useful in the regulation of gene expression. The oligomeric compounds of the present invention have shown reduction in mRNA levels in multiple in vitro and in vivo assay systems. The chimeric oligomeric compounds of the present invention are useful, for example, for investigative and therapeutic purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Nearly all disease states in multicellular organisms involve the action of proteins. Classic therapeutic approaches have focused on the interaction of proteins with other molecules in efforts to moderate the proteins' disease-causing or disease-potentiating activities. In newer therapeutic approaches, modulation of the production of proteins has been sought. A general object of some current therapeutic approaches is to interfere with or otherwise modulate gene expression.

One method for inhibiting the expression of specific genes involves the use of oligonucleotides, particularly oligonucleotides that are complementary to a specific target messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence. Due to promising research results in recent years, oligonucleotides and oligonucleotide analogs are now accepted as therapeutic agents holding great promise for therapeutic and diagnostic methods.

Oligonucleotides and their analogs can be designed to have particular properties. A number of chemical modifications have been introduced into oligomeric compounds to increase their usefulness as therapeutic agents. Such modifications include those designed to increase binding affinity to a target strand, to increase cell penetration, to stabilize against nucleases and other enzymes that degrade or interfere with the structure or activity of the oligonucleotide, to provide a mode of disruption (terminating event) once the oligonucleotide is bound to a target, and to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of the oligonucleotide.

Despite these advances, a need exists in the art for the development of means to improve the binding affinity and nuclease resistance properties of oligomeric compounds. The present invention meets these needs as well as other needs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides chimeric oligomeric compounds comprising from about 5 to about 80 linked nucleosides wherein the chimeric oligomeric compounds are divided into at least 5 separate regions and each of these regions is a continuous sequence of from 1 to about 5 nucleosides each having a 3′-endo sugar conformational geometry or a continuous sequence of from 1 to about 5 2′-deoxyribonucleosides and wherein each of these regions comprising from 1 to about 5 2′-deoxyribonucleosides is internally located between two of said regions comprising 1 to about 5 nucleosides each having a 3′-endo sugar conformational geometry or at one of the 3′ or 5′ termini.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides novel chimeric oligomeric compounds comprising regions that alternate between 3′-endo sugar conformational geometry (3′-endo regions) and 2′-endo/O4′-endo sugar conformational geometry (2′-endo regions). Each of the alternating regions comprise from 1 to about 5 nucleosides. The chimeric oligomeric compounds can start (5′-end) or end (3′-end) with either of the 2 regions and can have from about 5 to about 20 separate regions. One or more of the nucleosides of the chimeric oligomeric compound can further comprise a conjugate group. In one aspect of the present invention chimeric oligomeric compounds have the formula: T₁-(3′-endo region)-[(2′-endo region)-(3′-endo region)]_(n)-T₂ wherein n is at least two and each T₁ and T₂ is independently an optional conjugate group.

Each of the regions can range from 1 to about 5 nucleosides in length allowing for a plurality of motifs for oligonucleotides having the same length. Such as for example a chimeric oligomeric compound of the present invention having a length of 20 base pairs (bp) would include such motifs as 3-3-2-4-2-3-3, 3-4-1-4-1-4-3 and 4-3-1-4-1-3-4 where each motif has the same number and orientation of regions (bold and italicized numbers are 3′-endo regions, unbold and not underlined numbers are 2′-endo regions and the number corresponding to each region representing the number of base pairs for that particular region).

A plurality of motifs for the chimeric oligomeric compounds of the present invention has been prepared and has shown activity in a plurality of assays against various targets. In addition to in vitro assays some positive data have also been obtained through in vivo assays. A list of motifs is shown below. This list is meant to be representative and not limiting. Motifs # bp's Regions Motif 20 mer 5 1-8-2-8-1 20 mer 5 2-6-4-6-2 20 mer 5 2-7-2-7-2 20 mer 5 3-5-4-5-3 20 mer 5 3-6-1-7-3 20 mer 5 3-7-1-6-3 20 mer 7 3-3-2-4-2-3-3 20 mer 7 3-4-1-4-1-4-3 20 mer 7 4-3-1-4-1-3-4 18 mer 9 2-2-1-3-1-2-1-3-3 20 mer 9 3-2-1-3-1-3-1-3-3 20 mer 9 3-2-1-3-1-2-1-3-4 18 mer 9 3-3-1-2-1-3-1-2-2 20 mer 9 3-3-1-2-1-3-1-3-3 20 mer 9 3-3-1-2-1-2-1-3-4 20 mer 9 3-3-1-3-1-2-1-2-4 20 mer 9 3-3-1-3-1-2-1-3-3 20 mer 9 5-2-1-2-1-2-1-1-5 20 mer 11 3-2-2-1-2-1-2-1-1-2-3 20 mer 11 3-1-3-1-2-1-2-1-2-1-3 20 mer 11 3-1-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-1-4 20 mer 11 3-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-3 20 mer 11 3-2-1-2-1-3-1-2-1-1-3 20 mer 15 2-1-1-2-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-3-2 20 mer 15 3-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-4 20 mer 19 1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-2 # = number of 3′-endo nucleosides in the region (bolded) # = number of 2′-deoxy ribonucleotides in the region Compounds of the Invention

The present invention provides chimeric oligomeric compounds that have at least 5 regions that alternate between 3′-endo and 2′-endo in conformational geometry. The nucleoside or nucleosides of a particular region can be modified in a variety of ways to give the region either a 3′-endo or a 2′-endo conformational geometry. The conformational geometry of a selected nucleoside can be modulated in one aspect by modifying the sugar the base or both the sugar and the base. Modifications include attachment of substituent groups or conjugate groups or by directly modifying the base or the sugar.

The sugar conformational geometry (puckering) plays a central role in determining the duplex conformational geometry between an oligonucleotide and its nucleic acid target. By controlling the sugar puckering independently at each position of an oligonucleotide the duplex geometry can be modulated to help maximize desired properties of the resulting chimeric oligomeric compound. Modulation of sugar geometry has been shown to enhance properties such as for example increased lipohpilicity, binding affinity to target nucleic acid (e.g. mRNA), chemical stability and nuclease resistance.

The present invention discloses novel chimeric oligomeric compounds comprised of a plurality of alternating 3′-endo and 2′-endo (including 2′-deoxy) regions wherein each of the regions are independently from about 1 to about 5 nucleosides in length. The chimeric oligomeric compounds can start and end with either 3′-endo or 2′-endo regions and have from about 5 to about 19 regions in total. The nucleosides of each region can be selected to be uniform such as for example uniform 2′-O-MOE nucleosides for one or more of the 3′-endo regions and 2′-deoxynucleosides for the 2′-endo regions. Alternatively the nucleosides can be mixed such that any nucleoside having 3′-endo conformational geometry can be used in any position of any 3′-endo region and any nucleoside having 2′-endo conformational geometry can be used in any position of any 2′-endo region. In some embodiments a 5′-conjugate group is used as a 5′-cap as a method of increasing the 5′-exonuclease resistance but conjugate groups can be used at any position within the chimeric oligomeric compounds of the invention.

3′-Endo Regions

The present invention provides chimeric oligomeric compounds having alternating regions wherein one of the alternating regions has 3′-endo conformational geometry. These 3′-endo regions include nucleosides synthetically modified to induce a 3′-endo sugar conformation. A nucleoside can incorporate synthetic modifications of the heterocyclic base, the sugar moiety or both to induce a desired 3′-endo sugar conformation. These modified nucleosides are used to mimic RNA like nucleosides so that particular properties of an oligomeric compound can be enhanced while maintaining the desirable 3′-endo conformational geometry. Properties that are enhanced by using more stable 3′-endo nucleosides include but aren't limited to modulation of pharmacokinetic properties through modification of protein binding, protein off-rate, absorption and clearance; modulation of nuclease stability as well as chemical stability; modulation of the binding affinity and specificity of the oligomer (affinity and specificity for enzymes as well as for complementary sequences); and increasing efficacy of RNA cleavage. The present invention provides regions of nucleosides modified in such a way as to favor a C3′-endo type conformation.

Nucleoside conformation is influenced by various factors including substitution at the 2′, 3′ or 4′-positions of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Electronegative substituents generally prefer the axial positions, while sterically demanding substituents generally prefer the equatorial positions (Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure, Wolfgang Sanger, 1984, Springer-Verlag.) Modification of the 2′ position to favor the 3′-endo conformation can be achieved while maintaining the 2′-OH as a recognition element (Gallo et al., Tetrahedron (2001), 57, 5707-5713. Harry-O'kuru et al., J. Org. Chem., (1997), 62(6), 1754-1759 and Tang et al., J. Org. Chem. (1999), 64, 747-754.)

Alternatively, preference for the 3′-endo conformation can be achieved by deletion of the 2′-OH as exemplified by 2′deoxy-2′F-nucleosides (Kawasaki et al., J. Med. Chem. (1993), 36, 831-841), which adopts the 3′-endo conformation positioning the electronegative fluorine atom in the axial position. Other modifications of the ribose ring, for example substitution at the 4′-position to give 4′-F modified nucleosides (Guillerm et al., Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters (1995), 5, 1455-1460 and Owen et al., J. Org. Chem. (1976), 41, 3010-3017), or for example modification to yield methanocarba nucleoside analogs (Jacobson et al., J. Med. Chem. Lett. (2000), 43, 2196-2203 and Lee et al., Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2001), 11, 1333-1337) also induce preference for the 3′-endo conformation. Along similar lines, 3′-endo regions can include one or more nucleosides modified in such a way that conformation is locked into a C3′-endo type conformation, i.e. Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA, Singh et al, Chem. Commun. (1998), 4, 455-456), and ethylene bridged Nucleic Acids (ENA, Morita et al, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2002), 12, 73-76.)

Examples of modified nucleosides amenable to the present invention are shown below in Table 1. These examples are meant to be representative and not exhaustive. TABLE 1

The preferred conformation of modified nucleosides and their oligomers can be estimated by various methods such as molecular dynamics calculations, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and CD measurements. Hence, modifications predicted to induce RNA like conformations, A-form duplex geometry in an oligomeric context, are selected for use in the modified oligoncleotides of the present invention. The synthesis of numerous of the modified nucleosides amenable to the present invention are known in the art (see for example, Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides Vol 1-3, ed. Leroy B. Townsend, 1988, Plenum press., and the examples section below). Nucleosides known to be inhibitors/substrates for RNA dependent RNA polymerases (for example HCV NS5B).

The terms used to describe the conformational geometry of homoduplex nucleic acids are “A Form” for RNA and “B Form” for DNA. The respective conformational geometry for RNA and DNA duplexes was determined from X-ray diffraction analysis of nucleic acid fibers (Arnott and Hukins, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 1970, 47, 1504.) In general, RNA:RNA duplexes are more stable and have higher melting temperatures (T_(m)s) than DNA:DNA duplexes (Sanger et al., Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure, 1984, Springer-Verlag; New York, N.Y.; Lesnik et al., Biochemistry, 1995, 34, 10807-10815; Conte et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 1997, 25, 2627-2634). The increased stability of RNA has been attributed to several structural features, most notably the improved base stacking interactions that result from an A-form geometry (Searle et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 1993, 21, 2051-2056). The presence of the 2′ hydroxyl in RNA biases the sugar toward a C3′ endo pucker, i.e., also designated as Northern pucker, which causes the duplex to favor the A-form geometry. In addition, the 2′ hydroxyl groups of RNA can form a network of water mediated hydrogen bonds that help stabilize the RNA duplex (Egli et al., Biochemistry, 1996, 35, 8489-8494). On the other hand, deoxy nucleic acids prefer a C2′ endo sugar pucker, i.e., also known as Southern pucker, which is thought to impart a less stable B-form geometry (Sanger, W. (1984) Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure, Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y.). As used herein, B-form geometry is inclusive of both C2′-endo pucker and O4′-endo pucker. This is consistent with Berger, et. al., Nucleic Acids Research, 1998, 26, 2473-2480, who pointed out that in considering the furanose conformations which give rise to B-form duplexes consideration should also be given to a O4′-endo pucker contribution.

DNA:RNA hybrid duplexes, however, are usually less stable than pure RNA:RNA duplexes, and depending on their sequence may be either more or less stable than DNA:DNA duplexes (Searle et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 1993, 21, 2051-2056). The structure of a hybrid duplex is intermediate between A- and B-form geometries, which may result in poor stacking interactions (Lane et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 1993, 215, 297-306; Fedoroff et al., J. Mol. Biol., 1993, 233, 509-523; Gonzalez et al., Biochemistry, 1995, 34, 4969-4982; Horton et al., J. Mol. Biol., 1996, 264, 521-533). The stability of the duplex formed between a target RNA and a synthetic sequence is central to therapies such as, but not limited to, antisense and RNA interference as these mechanisms require the binding of an oligonucleotide strand to an RNA target strand. In the case of antisense, effective inhibition of the mRNA requires that the antisense DNA have a minimum binding affinity with the mRNA. Otherwise, the desired interaction between the oligonucleotide strand and target mRNA strand will occur infrequently, resulting in decreased efficacy.

One routinely used method of modifying the sugar puckering is the substitution on the sugar at the 2′-position with a substituent group that influences the sugar geometry. The influence on ring conformation is dependant on the nature of the substituent at the 2′-position. A number of different substituents have been studied to determine their sugar puckering effect. For example, 2′-halogens have been studied showing that the 2′-fluoro derivative exhibits the largest population (65%) of the C3′-endo form, and the 2′-iodo exhibits the lowest population (7%). The populations of adenosine (2′-OH) versus deoxyadenosine (2′-H) are 36% and 19%, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of the 2′-fluoro group of adenosine dimers (2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroadenosine-2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-adenosine) is further correlated to the stabilization of the stacked conformation.

As expected, the relative duplex stability can be enhanced by replacement of 2′-OH groups with 2′-F groups thereby increasing the C3′-endo population. It is assumed that the highly polar nature of the 2′-F bond and the extreme preference for C3′-endo puckering may stabilize the stacked conformation in an A-form duplex. Data from UV hypochromicity, circular dichroism, and ¹H NMR also indicate that the degree of stacking decreases as the electronegativity of the halo substituent decreases. Furthermore, steric bulk at the 2′-position of the sugar moiety is better accommodated in an A-form duplex than a B-form duplex. Thus, a 2′-substituent on the 3′-terminus of a dinucleoside monophosphate is thought to exert a number of effects on the stacking conformation: steric repulsion, furanose puckering preference, electrostatic repulsion, hydrophobic attraction, and hydrogen bonding capabilities. These substituent effects are thought to be determined by the molecular size, electronegativity, and hydrophobicity of the substituent. Melting temperatures of complementary strands is also increased with the 2′-substituted adenosine diphosphates. It is not clear whether the 3′-endo preference of the conformation or the presence of the substituent is responsible for the increased binding. However, greater overlap of adjacent bases (stacking) can be achieved with the 3′-endo conformation.

One synthetic 2′-modification that imparts increased nuclease resistance and a very high binding affinity to nucleotides is the 2-methoxyethoxy (2′-MOE, 2′-OCH₂CH₂OCH₃) side chain (Baker et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272, 11944-12000). One of the immediate advantages of the 2′-MOE substitution is the improvement in binding affinity, which is greater than many similar 2′ modifications such as O-methyl, O-propyl, and O-aminopropyl. Oligonucleotides having the 2′-O-methoxyethyl substituent also have been shown to be antisense inhibitors of gene expression with promising features for in vivo use (Martin, P., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504; Altmann et al., Chimia, 1996, 50, 168-176; Altmann et al., Biochem. Soc. Trans., 1996, 24, 630-637; and Altmann et al., Nucleosides Nucleotides, 1997, 16, 917-926). Relative to DNA, the oligonucleotides having the 2′-MOE modification displayed improved RNA affinity and higher nuclease resistance. Chimeric oligomeric compounds having 2′-MOE substituents in the wing nucleosides and an internal region of deoxy-phosphorothioate nucleotides (also termed a gapped oligonucleotide or gapmer) have shown effective reduction in the growth of tumors in animal models at low doses. 2′-MOE substituted oligonucleotides have also shown outstanding promise as antisense agents in several disease states. One such MOE substituted oligonucleotide is presently being investigated in clinical trials for the treatment of CMV retinitis.

To better understand the higher RNA affinity of 2′-O-methoxyethyl substituted RNA and to examine the conformational properties of the 2′-O-methoxyethyl substituent, two dodecamer oligonucleotides were synthesized having SEQ ID NO: 1 (CGC GAA UUC GCG) and SEQ ID NO: 2 (GCG CUU AAG CGC). These self-complementary strands have every 2′-position modified with a 2′-O-methoxyethyl. The duplex was crystallized at a resolution of 1.7 Ångstrom and the crystal structure was determined. The conditions used for the crystallization were 2 mM oligonucleotide, 50 mM Na Hepes pH 6.2-7.5, 10.50 mM MgCl₂, 15% PEG 400. The crystal data showed: space group C2, cell constants a=41.2 Å, b=34.4 Å, c=46.6 Å, =92.4°. The resolution was 1.7 Å at −170° C. The current R=factor was 20% (R_(free) 26%).

This crystal structure is believed to be the first crystal structure of a fully modified RNA oligonucleotide analogue. The duplex adopts an overall A-form conformation and all modified sugars display C3′-endo pucker. In most of the 2′-O-substituents, the torsion angle around the A′-B′ bond, as depicted in Structure II below, of the ethylene glycol linker has a gauche conformation. For 2′-O-MOE, A′ and B′ of Structure II below are methylene moieties of the ethyl portion of the MOE and R′ is the methoxy portion.

In the crystal, the 2′-O-MOE RNA duplex adopts a general orientation such that the crystallographic 2-fold rotation axis does not coincide with the molecular 2-fold rotation axis. The duplex adopts the expected A-type geometry and all of the 24 2′-O-MOE substituents were visible in the electron density maps at full resolution. The electron density maps as well as the temperature factors of substituent atoms indicate flexibility of the 2′-O-MOE substituent in some cases.

Most of the 2′-O-MOE substituents display a gauche conformation around the C—C bond of the ethyl linker. However, in two cases, a trans conformation around the C—C bond is observed. The lattice interactions in the crystal include packing of duplexes against each other via their minor grooves. Therefore, for some residues, the conformation of the 2′-O-substituent is affected by contacts to an adjacent duplex. In general, variations in the conformation of the substituents (e.g. g⁺ or g⁻ around the C—C bonds) create a range of interactions between substituents, both inter-strand, across the minor groove, and intra-strand. At one location, atoms of substituents from two residues are in van der Waals contact across the minor groove. Similarly, a close contact occurs between atoms of substituents from two adjacent intra-strand residues.

Previously determined crystal structures of A-DNA duplexes were for those that incorporated isolated 2′-O-methyl T residues. In the crystal structure noted above for the 2′-O-MOE substituents, a conserved hydration pattern has been observed for the 2′-O-MOE residues. A single water molecule is seen located between O2′, O3′ and the methoxy oxygen atom of the substituent, forming contacts to all three of between 2.9 and 3.4 Å. In addition, oxygen atoms of substituents are involved in several other hydrogen bonding contacts. For example, the methoxy oxygen atom of a particular 2′-O-substituent forms a hydrogen bond to N3 of an adenosine from the opposite strand via a bridging water molecule.

In several cases a water molecule is trapped between the oxygen atoms O2′, O3′ and OC′ of modified nucleosides. 2′-O-MOE substituents with trans conformation around the C—C bond of the ethylene glycol linker are associated with close contacts between OC′ and N2 of a guanosine from the opposite strand, and, water-mediated, between OC′ and N3(G). When combined with the available thermodynamic data for duplexes containing 2′-O-MOE modified strands, this crystal structure allows for further detailed structure-stability analysis of other modifications.

In extending the crystallographic structure studies, molecular modeling experiments were performed to study further enhanced binding affinity of oligonucleotides having 2′-O-modifications of the invention. The computer simulations were conducted on compounds of SEQ ID NO: 1, above, having 2′-O-modifications of the invention located at each of the nucleoside of the oligonucleotide. The simulations were performed with the oligonucleotide in aqueous solution using the AMBER force field method (Cornell et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 5179-5197)(modeling software package from UCSF, San Francisco, Calif.). The calculations were performed on an Indigo2 SGI machine (Silicon Graphics, Mountain View, Calif.).

Further 2′-O-modifications that will have a 3′-endo sugar influence include those having a ring structure that incorporates a two atom portion corresponding to the A′ and B′ atoms of Structure II. The ring structure is attached at the 2′ position of a sugar moiety of one or more nucleosides that are incorporated into an oligonucleotide. The 2′-oxygen of the nucleoside links to a carbon atom corresponding to the A′ atom of Structure II. These ring structures can be aliphatic, unsaturated aliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic. A further atom of the ring (corresponding to the B′ atom of Structure II), bears a further oxygen atom, or a sulfur or nitrogen atom. This oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom is bonded to one or more hydrogen atoms, alkyl moieties, or haloalkyl moieties, or is part of a further chemical moiety such as a ureido, carbamate, amide or amidine moiety. The remainder of the ring structure restricts rotation about the bond joining these two ring atoms. This assists in positioning the “further oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom” (part of the R position as described above) such that the further atom can be located in close proximity to the 3′-oxygen atom (O3′) of the nucleoside.

Another 2′-sugar substituent group that gives a 3′-endo sugar conformational geometry is the 2′-OMe group. 2′-Substitution of guanosine, cytidine, and uridine dinucleoside phosphates with the 2′-OMe group showed enhanced stacking effects with respect to the corresponding native (2′-OH) species leading to the conclusion that the sugar is adopting a C3′-endo conformation. In this case, it is believed that the hydrophobic attractive forces of the methyl group tend to overcome the destabilizing effects of its steric bulk.

The ability of oligonucleotides to bind to their complementary target strands is compared by determining the melting temperature (T_(m)) of the hybridization complex of the oligonucleotide and its complementary strand. The melting temperature (T_(m)), a characteristic physical property of double helices, denotes the temperature (in degrees centigrade) at which 50% helical (hybridized) versus coil (unhybridized) forms are present. T_(m) is measured by using the UV spectrum to determine the formation and breakdown (melting) of the hybridization complex. Base stacking, which occurs during hybridization, is accompanied by a reduction in UV absorption (hypochromicity). Consequently, a reduction in UV absorption indicates a higher T_(m). The higher the T_(m), the greater the strength of the bonds between the strands.

Freier and Altmann, Nucleic Acids Research, (1997) 25:4429-4443, have previously published a study on the influence of structural modifications of oligonucleotides on the stability of their duplexes with target RNA. In this study, the authors reviewed a series of oligonucleotides containing more than 200 different modifications that had been synthesized and assessed for their hybridization affinity and T_(m). Sugar modifications studied included substitutions on the 2′-position of the sugar, 3′-substitution, replacement of the 4′-oxygen, the use of bicyclic sugars, and four member ring replacements. Several nucleobase modifications were also studied including substitutions at the 5, or 6 position of thymine, modifications of pyrimidine heterocycle and modifications of the purine heterocycle. Modified internucleoside linkages were also studied including neutral, phosphorus and non-phosphorus containing internucleoside linkages.

Increasing the percentage of C3′-endo sugars in a modified oligonucleotide targeted to an RNA target strand should preorganize this strand for binding to RNA. Of the several sugar modifications that have been reported and studied in the literature, the incorporation of electronegative substituents such as 2′-fluoro or 2′-alkoxy shift the sugar conformation towards the 3′ endo (northern) pucker conformation. This preorganizes an oligonucleotide that incorporates such modifications to have an A-form conformational geometry. This A-form conformation results in increased binding affinity of the oligonucleotide to a target RNA strand.

Molecular modeling experiments were performed to study further enhanced binding affinity of oligonucleotides having 2′-O-modifications. Computer simulations were conducted on compounds having SEQ ID NO: 1, r(CGC GAA UUC GCG), having 2′-O-modifications of the invention located at each of the nucleoside of the oligonucleotide. The simulations were performed with the oligonucleotide in aqueous solution using the AMBER force field method (Cornell et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 5179-5197)(modeling software package from UCSF, San Francisco, Calif.). The calculations were performed on an Indigo2 SGI machine (Silicon Graphics, Mountain View, Calif.).

In addition, for 2′-substituents containing an ethylene glycol motif, a gauche interaction between the oxygen atoms around the O—C—C—O torsion of the side chain may have a stabilizing effect on the duplex (Freier and Altmann, Nucleic Acids Research, 1997, 25, 4429-4443). Such gauche interactions have been observed experimentally for a number of years (Wolfe et al., Acc. Chem. Res., 1972, 5, 102; Abe et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1976, 98, 468). This gauche effect may result in a configuration of the side chain that is favorable for duplex formation. The exact nature of this stabilizing configuration has not yet been explained. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it may be that holding the O—C—C—O torsion in a single gauche configuration, rather than a more random distribution seen in an alkyl side chain, provides an entropic advantage for duplex formation.

Representative 2′-substituent groups amenable to the present invention that give A-form conformational properties (3′-endo) to the resultant duplexes include 2′-O-alkyl, 2′-O-substituted alkyl and 2′-fluoro substituent groups. Substituent groups can be various alkyl and aryl ethers and thioethers, amines and monoalkyl and dialkyl substituted amines. It is further intended that multiple modifications can be made to one or more nucleosides and or internucleoside linkages within an oligonucleotide of the invention to enhance activity of the oligonucleotide. Tables 2 through 8 list nucleoside and internucleotide linkage modifications/replacements that have been shown to give a positive εT_(m) per modification when the modification/replacement was made to a DNA strand that was hybridized to an RNA complement. TABLE 2 Modified DNA strand having 2′-substituent groups that gave an overall increase in T_(m) against an RNA complement: Positive εT_(m)/mod 2′-substituents 2′-OH 2′-O—C₁—C₄ alkyl 2′-O—(CH₂)₂CH₃ 2′-O—CH₂CH═CH₂ 2′-F 2′-O—(CH₂)₂—O—CH₃ 2′-[O—(CH₂)₂]₂—O—CH₃ 2′-[O—(CH₂)₂]₃—O—CH₃ 2′-[O—(CH₂)₂]₄—O—CH₃ 2′-[O—(CH₂)₂]₃—O—(CH₂)₈CH₃ 2′-O—(CH₂)₂CF₃ 2′-O—(CH₂)₂OH 2′-O—(CH₂)₂F 2′-O—CH₂CH(CH₃)F 2′-O—CH₂CH(CH₂OH)OH 2′-O—CH₂CH(CH₂OCH₃)OCH₃ 2′-O—CH₂CH(CH₃)OCH₃ 2′-O—CH₂—C₁₄H₇O₂ (—C₁₄H₇O₂ = Anthraquinone) 2′-O—(CH₂)₃—NH₂* 2′-O—(CH₂)₄—NH₂* *These modifications can increase the T_(m) of oligonucleotides but can also decrease the T_(m) depending on positioning and number (motif dependant).

TABLE 3 Modified DNA strand having modified sugar ring (see structure) that give an overall increase in T_(m) against an RNA complement:

Positive ∈T_(m)/mod Q —S— —CH₂— Note: In general ring oxygen substitution with sulfur or methylene had only a minor effect on T_(m) for the specific motiffs studied. Substitution at the 2′-position with groups shown to stabilize the duplex were destabilizing when CH₂ replaced the ring O. This is thought to be due to the necessary gauche interaction between the ring O with particular 2′-substituents # (for example —O—CH₃ and —(O—CH₂CH₂)₃—O—CH₃.

Note: In general ring oxygen substitution with sulfur or methylene had only a minor effect on T_(m) for the specific motiffs studied. Substitution at the 2′-position with groups shown to stabilize the duplex were destabilizing when CH₂ replaced the ring O. This is thought to be due to the necessary gauche interaction between the ring O with particular 2′-substituents (for example —O—CH₃ and —(O—CH₂CH₂)₃—O—CH₃. TABLE 4 Modified DNA strand having modified sugar ring that give an overall increase in T_(m) against an RNA complement:

Positive ∈T_(m)/mod —C(H)R₁ effects OH (R₂, R₃ both = H) CH₃* CH₂OH* OCH₃* *These modifications can increase the T_(m) of oligonucleotides but can also decrease the T_(m) depending on positioning and number (motif dependant).

* These modifications can increase the T_(m) of oligonucleotides but can also decrease the T_(m) depending on positioning and number (motif dependant). TABLE 5 Modified DNA strand having bicyclic substitute sugar modifications that give an overall increase in T_(m) against an RNA complement: Formula Positive ∈T_(m)/mod I + II +

TABLE 6 Modified DNA strand having modified heterocyclic base moieties that give an overall increase in T_(m) against an RNA complement: Modification/Formula Positive ∈T_(m)/mod Heterocyclic base 2-thioT modifications 2′-O-methylpseudoU 7-halo-7-deaza purines 7-propyne-7-deaza purines 2-aminoA(2,6-diaminopurine)

(R₂, R₃ = H), R₁ = Br C/C—CH₃ (CH₂)₃NH₂ CH₃ Motiffs-disubstitution R₁ = C/C—CH₃, R₂ = H, R₃ = F R₁ = C/C—CH₃, R₂ = H R₃ = O—(CH₂)₂—O—CH₃ R₁ = O—CH₃, R₂ = H, R₃ = O—(CH₂)₂—O—CH₃* *This modification can increase the T_(m) of oligonucleotides but can also decrease the T_(m) depending on positioning and number (motif dependant).

Substitution at R₁ can be stabilizing, substitution at R₂ is generally greatly destabilizing (unable to form anti conformation), motiffs with stabilizing 5 and 2′-substituent groups are generally additive e.g. increase stability.

Substitution of the O4 and O2 positions of 2′-O-methyl uridine was greatly duplex destabilizing as these modifications remove hydrogen binding sites that would be an expected result. 6-Aza T also showed extreme destabilization as this substitution reduces the pK_(a) and shifts the nucleoside toward the enol tautomer resulting in reduced hydrogen bonding. TABLE 7 DNA strand having at least one modified phosphorus containing internucleoside linkage and the effect on the T_(m) against an RNA complement: εT_(m)/mod + εT_(m)/mod − phosphorothioate¹ phosphoramidate¹ methyl phosphonates¹ (¹one of the non-bridging oxygen atoms replaced with S, N(H)R or —CH₃) phosphoramidate (the 3′-bridging atom replaced with an N(H)R group, stabilization effect enhanced when also have 2′-F)

TABLE 8 DNA strand having at least one non-phosphorus containing internucleoside linkage and the effect on the T_(m) against an RNA complement: Positive εT_(m)/mod —CH₂C(═O)NHCH₂—* —CH₂C(═O)N(CH₃)CH₂—* —CH₂C(═O)N(CH₂CH₂CH₃)CH₂—* —CH₂C(═O)N(H)CH₂— (motif with 5′-propyne on T's) —CH₂N(H)C(═O)CH₂—* —CH₂N(CH₃)OCH₂—* —CH₂N(CH₃)N(CH₃)CH₂—* *This modification can increase the T_(m) of oligonucleotides but can also decrease the T_(m) depending on positioning and number (motif dependant).

Notes: In general carbon chain internucleotide linkages were destabilizing to duplex formation. This destabilization was not as severe when double and tripple bonds were utilized. The use of glycol and flexible ether linkages were also destabilizing.

Suitable ring structures of the invention for inclusion as a 2′-O modification include cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl and phenyl rings as well as heterocyclic rings having spacial footprints similar to cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl and phenyl rings. Particularly suitable 2′-O-substituent groups of the invention are listed below including an abbreviation for each:

-   -   2′-O-(trans2-methoxy cyclohexyl)—2′-O-(TMCHL)     -   2′-O-(trans2-methoxy cyclopentyl)—2′-O-(TMCPL)     -   2′-O-(trans2-ureido cyclohexyl)—2′-O-(TUCHL)     -   2′-O-(trans2-methoxyphenyl)—2′-O-(2MP)

Structural details for duplexes incorporating such 2-O-substituents were analyzed using the described AMBER force field program on the Indigo2 SGI machine. The simulated structure maintained a stable A-form geometry throughout the duration of the simulation. The presence of the 2′ substitutions locked the sugars in the C3′-endo conformation.

The simulation for the TMCHL modification revealed that the 2′-O-(TMCHL) side chains have a direct interaction with water molecules solvating the duplex. The oxygen atoms in the 2′-O-(TMCHL) side chain are capable of forming a water-mediated interaction with the 3′ oxygen of the phosphate backbone. The presence of the two oxygen atoms in the 2′-O-(TMCHL) side chain gives rise to favorable gauche interactions. The barrier for rotation around the O—C—C—O torsion is made even larger by this novel modification. The preferential preorganization in an A-type geometry increases the binding affinity of the 2′-O-(TMCHL) to the target RNA. The locked side chain conformation in the 2′-O-(TMCHL) group created a more favorable pocket for binding water molecules. The presence of these water molecules played a key role in holding the side chains in the preferable gauche conformation. While not wishing to be bound by theory, the bulk of the substituent, the diequatorial orientation of the substituents in the cyclohexane ring, the water of hydration and the potential for trapping of metal ions in the conformation generated will additionally contribute to improved binding affinity and nuclease resistance of oligonucleotides incorporating nucleosides having this 2′-O-modification.

As described for the TMCHL modification above, identical computer simulations of the 2′-O-(TMCPL), the 2′-O-(2MP) and 2′-O-(TUCHL) modified oligonucleotides in aqueous solution also illustrate that stable A-form geometry will be maintained throughout the duration of the simulation. The presence of the 2′ substitution will lock the sugars in the C3′-endo conformation and the side chains will have direct interaction with water molecules solvating the duplex. The oxygen atoms in the respective side chains are capable of forming a water-mediated interaction with the 3′ oxygen of the phosphate backbone. The presence of the two oxygen atoms in the respective side chains give rise to the favorable gauche interactions. The barrier for rotation around the respective O—C—C—O torsions will be made even larger by respective modification. The preferential preorganization in A-type geometry will increase the binding affinity of the respective 2′-O-modified oligonucleotides to the target RNA. The locked side chain conformation in the respective modifications will create a more favorable pocket for binding water molecules. The presence of these water molecules plays a key role in holding the side chains in the preferable gauche conformation. The bulk of the substituent, the diequatorial orientation of the substituents in their respective rings, the water of hydration and the potential trapping of metal ions in the conformation generated will all contribute to improved binding affinity and nuclease resistance of oligonucleotides incorporating nucleosides having these respective 2′-O-modification.

Ribose conformations in C2′-modified nucleosides containing S-methyl groups were examined. To understand the influence of 2′-O-methyl and 2′-S-methyl groups on the conformation of nucleosides, we evaluated the relative energies of the 2′-O— and 2′-S-methylguanosine, along with normal deoxyguanosine and riboguanosine, starting from both C2′-endo and C3′-endo conformations using ab initio quantum mechanical calculations. All the structures were fully optimized at HF/6-31G* level and single point energies with electron-correlation were obtained at the MP2/6-31G*//HF/6-31G* level. As shown in Table 9, the C2′-endo conformation of deoxyguanosine is estimated to be 0.6 kcal/mol more stable than the C3′-endo conformation in the gas-phase. The conformational preference of the C2′-endo over the C3′-endo conformation appears to be less dependent upon electron correlation as revealed by the MP2/6-31G*//HF/6-31G* values which also predict the same difference in energy. The opposite trend is noted for riboguanosine. At the HF/6-31G* and MP2/6-31G*//HF/6-31G* levels, the C3′-endo form of riboguanosine is shown to be about 0.65 and 1.41 kcal/mol more stable than the C2′endo form, respectively. TABLE 9 Relative energies* of the C3′-endo and C2′-endo conformations of representative nucleosides HF/6-31G MP2/6-31-G Continuum Model Amber dG 0.60 0.56 0.88 0.65 rG −0.65 −1.41 −0.28 −2.09 2′-O—MeG −0.89 −1.79 −0.36 −0.86 2′-S—MeG 2.55 1.41 3.16 2.43 *energies are in kcal/mol relative to the C2′-endo conformation

Table 9 also includes the relative energies of 2′-O-methylguanosine and 2′-S-methylguanosine in C2′-endo and C3′-endo conformation. This data indicates the electronic nature of C2′-substitution has a significant impact on the relative stability of these conformations. Substitution of the 2′-O-methyl group increases the preference for the C3′-endo conformation (when compared to riboguanosine) by about 0.4 kcal/mol at both the HF/6-31G* and MP2/6-31G*//HF/6-31G* levels. In contrast, the 2′-S-methyl group reverses the trend. The C2′-endo conformation is favored by about 2.6 kcal/mol at the HF/6-31G* level, while the same difference is reduced to 1.41 kcal/mol at the MP2/6-31G*//HF/6-31G* level. For comparison, and also to evaluate the accuracy of the molecular mechanical force-field parameters used for the 2′-O-methyl and 2′-S-methyl substituted nucleosides, we have calculated the gas phase energies of the nucleosides. The results reported in Table 9 indicate that the calculated relative energies of these nucleosides compare qualitatively well with the ab initio calculations.

Additional calculations were also performed to gauge the effect of solvation on the relative stability of nucleoside conformations. The estimated solvation effect using HF/6-31G* geometries confirms that the relative energetic preference of the four nucleosides in the gas-phase is maintained in the aqueous phase as well (Table 9). Solvation effects were also examined using molecular dynamics simulations of the nucleosides in explicit water. From these trajectories, one can observe the predominance of C2′-endo conformation for deoxyriboguanosine and 2′-S-methylriboguanosine while riboguanosine and 2′-O-methylriboguanosine prefer the C3′-endo conformation. These results are in much accord with the available NMR results on 2′-S-methylribonucleosides. NMR studies of sugar puckering equilibrium using vicinal spin-coupling constants have indicated that the conformation of the sugar ring in 2′-S-methylpyrimidine nucleosides show an average of >75% S-character, whereas the corresponding purine analogs exhibit an average of >90% S-pucker (Fraser, A., Wheeler, P., Cook, P. D. and Sanghvi, Y. S., J. Heterocycl. Chem., 1993, 30, 1277-1287). It was observed that the 2′-S-methyl substitution in deoxynucleoside confers more conformational rigidity to the sugar conformation when compared with deoxyribonucleosides.

Structural features of DNA:RNA, OMe-DNA:RNA and SMe-DNA:RNA hybrids were also observed. The average RMS deviation of the DNA:RNA structure from the starting hybrid coordinates indicate the structure is stabilized over the length of the simulation with an approximate average RMS deviation of 1.0 Å. This deviation is due, in part, to inherent differences in averaged structures (i.e. the starting conformation) and structures at thermal equilibrium. The changes in sugar pucker conformation for three of the central base pairs of this hybrid are in good agreement with the observations made in previous NMR studies. The sugars in the RNA strand maintain very stable geometries in the C3′-endo conformation with ring pucker values near 0°. In contrast, the sugars of the DNA strand show significant variability.

The average RMS deviation of the OMe-DNA:RNA is approximately 1.2 Å from the starting A-form conformation; while the SMe-DNA:RNA shows a slightly higher deviation (approximately 1.8 Å) from the starting hybrid conformation. The SMe-DNA strand also shows a greater variance in RMS deviation, suggesting the S-methyl group may induce some structural fluctuations. The sugar puckers of the RNA complements maintain C3′-endo puckering throughout the simulation. As expected from the nucleoside calculations, however, significant differences are noted in the puckering of the OMe-DNA and SMe-DNA strands, with the former adopting C3′-endo, and the latter, C1′-exo/C2′-endo conformations.

An analysis of the helicoidal parameters for all three hybrid structures has also been performed to further characterize the duplex conformation. Three of the more important axis-basepair parameters that distinguish the different forms of the duplexes, X-displacement, propeller twist, and inclination, are reported in Table 10. Usually, an X-displacement near zero represents a B-form duplex; while a negative displacement, which is a direct measure of deviation of the helix from the helical axis, makes the structure appear more A-like in conformation. In A-form duplexes, these values typically vary from −4 Å to −5 Å. In comparing these values for all three hybrids, the SMe_DNA:RNA hybrid shows the most deviation from the A-form value, the OMe_DNA:RNA shows the least, and the DNA:RNA is intermediate. A similar trend is also evident when comparing the inclination and propeller twist values with ideal A-form parameters. These results are further supported by an analysis of the backbone and glycosidic torsion angles of the hybrid structures. Glycosidic angles (X) of A-form geometries, for example, are typically near −159° while B form values are near −102°. These angles are found to be −162°, −133°, and −108° for the OMe-DNA, DNA, and SMe-DNA strands, respectively. All RNA complements adopt an X angle close to −160°. In addition, “crankshaft” transitions were also noted in the backbone torsions of the central UpU steps of the RNA strand in the SMe-DNA:RNA and DNA;RNA hybrids. Such transitions suggest some local conformational changes may occur to relieve a less favorable global conformation. Taken overall, the results indicate the amount of A-character decreases as OMe-DNA:RNA>DNA:RNA>SMe-DNA:RNA, with the latter two adopting more intermediate conformations when compared to A- and B-form geometries. TABLE 10 Average helical parameters derived from the last 500 ps of simulation time (canonical A-and B-form values are given for comparison) Helicoidal B-DNA OMe_DNA: SMe_DNA: Parameter B-DNA(x-ray) (fibre) A-DNA(fibre) DNA:RNA RNA RNA X-disp 1.2 0.0 −5.3 −4.5 −5.4 −3.5 Inclination −2.3 1.5 20.7 11.6 15.1 0.7 Propeller −16.4 −13.3 −7.5 −12.7 −15.8 −10.3 Stability of C2′-modified DNA:RNA hybrids was determined. Although the overall stability of the DNA:RNA hybrids depends on several factors including sequence-dependencies and the purine content in the DNA or RNA strands DNA:RNA hybrids are usually less stable than RNA:RNA duplexes and, in some cases, even less stable than DNA:DNA duplexes. Available experimental data attributes the relatively lowered stability of DNA:RNA hybrids largely to its intermediate conformational nature between DNA:DNA (B-family) and RNA:RNA (A-family) duplexes. The overall thermodynamic stability of nucleic acid duplexes may originate from several factors including the conformation of backbone, base-pairing and stacking interactions. While it is difficult to ascertain the individual thermodynamic contributions to the overall stabilization of the duplex, it is reasonable to argue that the major factors that promote increased stability of hybrid duplexes are better stacking interactions (electrostatic π-π interactions) and more favorable groove dimensions for hydration. The C2′-S-methyl substitution has been shown to destabilize the hybrid duplex. The notable differences in the rise values among the three hybrids may offer some explanation. While the 2′-S-methyl group has a strong influence on decreasing the base-stacking through high rise values (˜3.2 Å), the 2′-O-methyl group makes the overall structure more compact with a rise value that is equal to that of A-form duplexes (˜2.6 Å). Despite its overall A-like structural features, the SMe_DNA:RNA hybrid structure possesses an average rise value of 3.2 Å which is quite close to that of B-family duplexes. In fact, some local base-steps (CG steps) may be observed to have unusually high rise values (as high as 4.5 Å). Thus, the greater destabilization of 2′-S-methyl substituted DNA:RNA hybrids may be partly attributed to poor stacking interactions.

It has been postulated that RNase H binds to the minor groove of RNA:DNA hybrid complexes, requiring an intermediate minor groove width between ideal A- and B-form geometries to optimize interactions between the sugar phosphate backbone atoms and RNase H. A close inspection of the averaged structures for the hybrid duplexes using computer simulations reveals significant variation in the minor groove width dimensions as shown in Table 11. Whereas the O-methyl substitution leads to a slight expansion of the minor groove width when compared to the standard DNA:RNA complex, the S-methyl substitution leads to a general contraction (approximately 0.9 Å). These changes are most likely due to the preferred sugar puckering noted for the antisense strands which induce either A- or B-like single strand conformations. In addition to minor groove variations, the results also point to potential differences in the steric makeup of the minor groove. The O-methyl group points into the minor groove while the S-methyl is directed away towards the major groove. Essentially, the S-methyl group has flipped through the bases into the major groove as a consequence of C2′-endo puckering. TABLE 11 Minor groove widths averaged over the last 500 ps of simulation time Phosphate OMe_DNA: SMe_DNA: DNA:RNA RNA:RNA Distance DNA:RNA RNA RNA (B-form) (A-form) P5-P20 15.27 16.82 13.73 14.19 17.32 P6-P19 15.52 16.79 15.73 12.66 17.12 P7-P18 15.19 16.40 14.08 11.10 16.60 P8-P17 15.07 16.12 14.00 10.98 16.14 P9-P16 15.29 16.25 14.98 11.65 16.93 P10-P15 15.37 16.57 13.92 14.05 17.69

In addition to the modifications described above, the nucleotides of the chimeric oligomeric compounds of the invention can have a variety of other modification so long as these other modifications do not significantly detract from the properties described above. Thus, for nucleotides that are incorporated into oligonucleotides of the invention, these nucleotides can have sugar portions that correspond to naturally-occurring sugars or modified sugars. Representative modified sugars include carbocyclic or acyclic sugars, sugars having substituent groups at their 2′ position, sugars having substituent groups at their 3′ position, and sugars having substituents in place of one or more hydrogen atoms of the sugar. Other altered base moieties and altered sugar moieties are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808 and PCT application PCT/US89/02323.

2′-Endo Regions

A number of different nucleosides can be used independently or exclusively to create one or more of the C2′-endo regions to prepare chimeric oligomeric compounds of the present invention. For the purpose of the present invention the terms 2′-endo and C2′-endo are meant to include O4′-endo and 2′-deoxy nucleosides. 2′-Deoxy nucleic acids prefer both C2′-endo sugar pucker and O4′-endo sugar, i.e., also known as Southern pucker, which is thought to impart a less stable B-form geometry (Sanger, W. (1984) Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure, Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y. and Berger, et. al., Nucleic Acids Research, 1998, 26, 2473-2480). The 2′-deoxyribonucleoside is one suitable nucleoside for the 2′-endo regions but all manner of nucleosides known in the art that have a preference for 2′-endo sugar conformational geometry are amenable to the present invention. Such nucleosides include without limitation 2′-modified ribonucleosides such as for example: 2′-SCH₃, 2′-NH₂, 2′-NH(C₁-C₂ alkyl), 2′-N(C₁-C₂ alkyl)₂, 2′-CF₃, 2′═CH₂, 2′═CHF, 2′═CF₂, 2′-CH₃, 2′-C₂H₅, 2′-CH═CH₂ or 2′-C≡CH. Also amenable to the present invention are modified 2′-arabinonucleosides including without limitation: 2′-CN, 2′-F, 2′-Cl, 2′-Br, 2′-N₃ (azido), 2′-OH, 2′-O—CH₃ or 2′-dehydro-2′-CH₃.

Suitable sugar modifications for the 2′-endo regions of the present invention include without limitation 2′-deoxy-2′-S-methyl, 2′-deoxy-2′-methyl, 2′-deoxy-2′-amino, 2′-deoxy-2′-mono or dialkyl substituted amino, 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoromethyl, 2′-deoxy-2′-difluoromethyl, 2′-deoxy-2′-trifluoromethyl, 2′-deoxy-2′-methylene, 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoromethylene, 2′-deoxy-2′-difluoromethylene, 2′-deoxy-2′-ethyl, 2′-deoxy-2′-ethylene and 2′-deoxy-2′-acetylene. These nucleotides can alternately be described as 2′-SCH₃ ribonucleotide, 2′-CH₃ ribonucleotide, 2′-NH₂ ribonucleotide 2′-NH(C₁-C₂ alkyl) ribonucleotide, 2′-N(C₁-C₂ alkyl)₂ ribonucleotide, 2′-CH₂F ribonucleotide, 2′-CHF₂ ribonucleotide, 2′-CF₃ ribonucleotide, 2′═CH₂ ribonucleotide, 2′=CHF ribonucleotide, 2′═CF₂ ribonucleotide, 2′-C₂H₅ ribonucleotide, 2′-CH═CH₂ ribonucleotide, 2′-CCH ribonucleotide. A further useful sugar modification is one having a ring located on the ribose ring in a cage-like structure including 3′,O,4′-C-methyleneribonucleotides. Such cage-like structures will physically fix the ribose ring in the desired conformation.

Additionally, suitable sugar modifications for the 2′-endo regions of the present invention include without limitation are arabino nucleotides having 2′-deoxy-2′-cyano, 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro, 2′-deoxy-2′-chloro, 2′-deoxy-2′-bromo, 2′-deoxy-2′-azido, 2′-methoxy and the unmodified arabino nucleotide (that includes a 2′-OH projecting upwards towards the base of the nucleotide). These arabino nucleotides can alternately be described as 2′-CN arabino nucleotide, 2′-F arabino nucleotide, 2′-Cl arabino nucleotide, 2′-Br arabino nucleotide, 2′-N₃ arabino nucleotide, 2′-O—CH₃ arabino nucleotide and arabino nucleotide.

Such nucleotides are linked together via phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, boranophosphate or phosphodiester linkages. Particularly suitable is the phosphorothioate linkage.

Internucleoside Linkages

Specific examples of chimeric oligomeric compounds useful in this invention include oligonucleotides containing modified e.g. non-naturally occurring internucleoside linkages. As defined in this specification, oligonucleotides having modified internucleoside linkages include internucleoside linkages that retain a phosphorus atom and internucleoside linkages that do not have a phosphorus atom. For the purposes of this specification, and as sometimes referenced in the art, modified oligonucleotides that do not have a phosphorus atom in their internucleoside backbone can also be considered to be oligonucleosides.

Modified internucleoside linkages containing a phosphorus atom therein include, for example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3′-alkylene phosphonates, 5′-alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, selenophosphates and boranophosphates having normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein one or more internucleotide linkages is a 3′ to 3′, 5′ to 5′ or 2′ to 2′ linkage. Oligonucleotides having inverted polarity comprise a single 3′ to 3′ linkage at the 3′-most internucleotide linkage i.e. a single inverted nucleoside residue which may be abasic (the nucleobase is missing or has a hydroxyl group in place thereof). Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also included.

Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above phosphorus-containing linkages include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,808; 4,469,863; 4,476,301; 5,023,243; 5,177,196; 5,188,897; 5,264,423; 5,276,019; 5,278,302; 5,286,717; 5,321,131; 5,399,676; 5,405,939; 5,453,496; 5,455,233; 5,466,677; 5,476,925; 5,519,126; 5,536,821; 5,541,306; 5,550,111; 5,563,253; 5,571,799; 5,587,361; 5,194,599; 5,565,555; 5,527,899; 5,721,218; 5,672,697 and 5,625,050, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

In other embodiments of the invention, chimeric oligomeric compounds include one or more phosphorothioate and/or heteroatom internucleoside linkages, in particular —CH₂—NH—O—CH₂—, —CH₂—N(CH₃)—O—CH₂— [known as a methylene (methylimino) or MMI backbone], —CH₂—O—N(CH₃)—CH₂—, —CH₂—N(CH₃)—N(CH₃)—CH₂— and —O—N(CH₃)—CH₂—CH₂— [wherein the native phosphodiester internucleotide linkage is represented as —O—P(═O)(OH)—O—CH₂—]. The MMI type internucleoside linkages are disclosed in the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,677. Amide internucleoside linkages are disclosed in the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,240.

Modified internucleoside linkages that do not include a phosphorus atom therein include those formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages. These include those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; riboacetyl backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH₂ component parts.

Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above oligonucleosides include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,034,506; 5,166,315; 5,185,444; 5,214,134; 5,216,141; 5,235,033; 5,264,562; 5,264,564; 5,405,938; 5,434,257; 5,466,677; 5,470,967; 5,489,677; 5,541,307; 5,561,225; 5,596,086; 5,602,240; 5,610,289; 5,602,240; 5,608,046; 5,610,289; 5,618,704; 5,623,070; 5,663,312; 5,633,360; 5,677,437; 5,792,608; 5,646,269 and 5,677,439, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Conjugate Groups

An additional substitution that can be appended to the oligomeric compounds of the invention involves the linkage of one or more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the resulting oligomeric compounds. In one embodiment such modified oligomeric compounds are prepared by covalently attaching conjugate groups to functional groups such as hydroxyl or amino groups. Conjugate groups of the invention include intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycols, polyethers, groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties of oligomers, and groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of oligomers. Typical conjugates groups include cholesterols, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, folate, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, and dyes. Groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve oligomer uptake, enhance oligomer resistance to degradation, and/or strengthen sequence-specific hybridization with RNA. Groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve oligomer uptake, distribution, metabolism or excretion. Representative conjugate groups are disclosed in International Patent Application PCT/US92/09196, filed Oct. 23, 1992 the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Conjugate moieties include but are not limited to lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 6553-6556), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1994, 4, 1053-1060), a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660, 306-309; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1993, 3, 2765-2770), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1992, 20, 533-538), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO J., 1991, 10, 1111-1118; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259, 327-330; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49-54), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethyl-ammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777-3783), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969-973), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229-237), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277, 923-937.

The chimeric oligomeric compounds of the invention may also be conjugated to active drug substances, for example, aspirin, warfarin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, naproxen, suprofen, fenbufen, ketoprofen, (S)-(+)-pranoprofen, carprofen, dansylsarcosine, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, flufenamic acid, folinic acid, a benzothiadiazide, chlorothiazide, a diazepine, indomethicin, a barbiturate, a cephalosporin, a sulfa drug, an antidiabetic, an antibacterial or an antibiotic. Oligonucleotide-drug conjugates and their preparation are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/334,130 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotide conjugates include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105; 5,525,465; 5,541,313; 5,545,730; 5,552,538; 5,578,717, 5,580,731; 5,580,731; 5,591,584; 5,109,124; 5,118,802; 5,138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486,603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4,824,941; 4,835,263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,536; 5,272,250; 5,292,873; 5,317,098; 5,371,241, 5,391,723; 5,416,203, 5,451,463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,514,785; 5,565,552; 5,567,810; 5,574,142; 5,585,481; 5,587,371; 5,595,726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923; 5,599,928 and 5,688,941, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Oligomeric compounds used in the compositions of the present invention can also be modified to have one or more stabilizing groups that are generally attached to one or both termini of oligomeric compounds to enhance properties such as for example nuclease stability. Included in stabilizing groups are cap structures. By “cap structure or terminal cap moiety” is meant chemical modifications, which have been incorporated at either terminus of oligonucleotides (see for example Wincott et al., WO 97/26270, incorporated by reference herein). These terminal modifications protect the oligomeric compounds having terminal nucleic acid molecules from exonuclease degradation, and can help in delivery and/or localization within a cell. The cap can be present at the 5′-terminus (5′-cap) or at the 3′-terminus (3′-cap) or can be present on both termini. In non-limiting examples, the 5′-cap includes inverted abasic residue (moiety), 4′,5′-methylene nucleotide; 1-(beta-D-erythrofuranosyl) nucleotide, 4′-thio nucleotide, carbocyclic nucleotide; 1,5-anhydrohexitol nucleotide; L-nucleotides; alpha-nucleotides; modified base nucleotide; phosphorodithioate linkage; threo-pentofuranosyl nucleotide; acyclic 3′,4′-seco nucleotide; acyclic 3,4-dihydroxybutyl nucleotide; acyclic 3,5-dihydroxypentyl nucleotide, 3′-3′-inverted nucleotide moiety; 3′-3′-inverted abasic moiety; 3′-2′-inverted nucleotide moiety; 3′-2′-inverted abasic moiety; 1,4-butanediol phosphate; 3′-phosphoramidate; hexylphosphate; aminohexyl phosphate; 3′-phosphate; 3′-phosphorothioate; phosphorodithioate; or bridging or non-bridging methylphosphonate moiety (for more details see Wincott et al., International PCT publication No. WO 97/26270, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Particularly suitable 3′-cap structures of the present invention include, for example 4′,5′-methylene nucleotide; 1-(beta-D-erythrofuranosyl) nucleotide; 4′-thio nucleotide, carbocyclic nucleotide; 5′-amino-alkyl phosphate; 1,3-diamino-2-propyl phosphate, 3-aminopropyl phosphate; 6-aminohexyl phosphate; 1,2-aminododecyl phosphate; hydroxypropyl phosphate; 1,5-anhydrohexitol nucleotide; L-nucleotide; alpha-nucleotide; modified base nucleotide; phosphorodithioate; threo-pentofuranosyl nucleotide; acyclic 3′,4′-seco nucleotide; 3,4-dihydroxybutyl nucleotide; 3,5-dihydroxypentyl nucleotide, 5′-5′-inverted nucleotide moiety; 5′-5′-inverted abasic moiety; 5′-phosphoramidate; 5′-phosphorothioate; 1,4-butanediol phosphate; 5′-amino; bridging and/or non-bridging 5′-phosphoramidate, phosphorothioate and/or phosphorodithioate, bridging or non bridging methylphosphonate and 5′-mercapto moieties (for more details see Beaucage and Tyer, 1993, Tetrahedron 49, 1925; incorporated by reference herein).

Further 3′ and 5′-stabilizing groups that can be used to cap one or both ends of an oligomeric compound to impart nuclease stability include those disclosed in WO 03/004602.

Oligomeric Compounds

In the context of the present invention, the term “oligomeric compound” refers to a polymeric structure capable of hybridizing a region of a nucleic acid molecule. This term includes oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides, oligonucleotide analogs, oligonucleotide mimetics and combinations of these. Oligomeric compounds routinely prepared linearly but can be joined or otherwise prepared to be circular and may also include branching. Oligomeric compounds can hybridized to form double stranded compounds which can be blunt ended or may include overhangs. In general an oligomeric compound comprises a backbone of linked momeric subunits where each linked momeric subunit is directly or indirectly attached to a heterocyclic base moiety. The linkages joining the monomeric subunits, the sugar moieties or surrogates and the heterocyclic base moieties can be independently modified giving rise to a plurality of motifs for the resulting oligomeric compounds including hemimers, gapmers and chimeras.

As is known in the art, a nucleoside is a base-sugar combination. The base portion of the nucleoside is normally a heterocyclic base moiety. The two most common classes of such heterocyclic bases are purines and pyrimidines. Nucleotides are nucleosides that further include a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of the nucleoside. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl sugar, the phosphate group can be linked to the 2′, 3′ or 5′ hydroxyl moiety of the sugar. In forming oligonucleotides, the phosphate groups covalently link adjacent nucleosides to one another to form a linear polymeric compound. The respective ends of this linear polymeric structure can be joined to form a circular structure by hybridization or by formation of a covalent bond, however, open linear structures are generally suitable. Within the oligonucleotide structure, the phosphate groups are commonly referred to as forming the internucleoside linkages of the oligonucleotide. The normal internucleoside linkage of RNA and DNA is a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage.

In the context of this invention, the term “oligonucleotide” refers to an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This term includes oligonucleotides composed of naturally-occurring nucleobases, sugars and covalent internucleoside linkages. The term “oligonucleotide analog” refers to oligonucleotides that have one or more non-naturally occurring portions which function in a similar manner to oligonulceotides. Such non-naturally occurring oligonucleotides are often desired, the naturally occurring forms because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for nucleic acid target and increased stability in the presence of nucleases.

In the context of this invention, the term “oligonucleoside” refers to nucleosides that are joined by internucleoside linkages that do not have phosphorus atoms. Internucleoside linkages of this type include short chain alkyl, cycloalkyl, mixed heteroatom alkyl, mixed heteroatom cycloalkyl, one or more short chain heteroatomic and one or more short chain heterocyclic. These internucleoside linkages include but are not limited to siloxane, sulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone, acetyl, formacetyl, thioformacetyl, methylene formacetyl, thioformacetyl, alkeneyl, sulfamate; methyleneimino, methylenehydrazino, sulfonate, sulfonamide, amide and others having mixed N, O, S and CH₂ component parts.

Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above oligonucleosides include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,034,506; 5,166,315; 5,185,444; 5,214,134; 5,216,141; 5,235,033; 5,264,562; 5,264,564; 5,405,938; 5,434,257; 5,466,677; 5,470,967; 5,489,677; 5,541,307; 5,561,225; 5,596,086; 5,602,240; 5,610,289; 5,602,240; 5,608,046; 5,610,289; 5,618,704; 5,623,070; 5,663,312; 5,633,360; 5,677,437; 5,792,608; 5,646,269 and 5,677,439, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Further included in the present invention are oligomeric compounds such as antisense oligomeric compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, alternate splicers and other oligomeric compounds which hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid. As such, these oligomeric compounds may be introduced in the form of single-stranded, double-stranded, circular or hairpin oligomeric compounds and may contain structural elements such as internal or terminal bulges or loops or mismatches. Once introduced to a system, the oligomeric compounds of the invention may elicit the action of one or more enzymes or structural proteins to effect modification of the target nucleic acid.

One non-limiting example of such an enzyme is RNAse H, a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. It is known in the art that single-stranded antisense oligomeric compounds which are “DNA-like” or have “DNA-like” regions elicit RNAse H. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of oligonucleotide-mediated inhibition of gene expression. Similar roles have been postulated for other ribonucleases such as those in the RNase III and ribonuclease L family of enzymes.

While one form of antisense acting chimeric oligomeric compound is a single-stranded chimeric oligonucleotide, in many species the introduction of double-stranded structures, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules, has been shown to induce potent and specific antisense-mediated reduction of the function of a gene or its associated gene products. This phenomenon, which has been designated RNA interference (RNAi), occurs in both plants and animals and is believed to have an evolutionary connection to viral defense and transposon silencing. The term RNAi has been generalized to mean antisense-mediated gene silencing involving the introduction of dsRNA leading to the sequence-specific reduction of endogenous targeted mRNA levels (Fire et al., Nature, 1998, 391, 806-811). It has been shown that it is, in fact, the single-stranded RNA oligomers of antisense polarity of the dsRNAs which are the potent inducers of RNAi (Tijsterman et al., Science, 2002, 295, 694-697). The primary interference effects of dsRNAs are posttranscriptional (Montgomery et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95, 15502-15507).

In addition to the modifications described above, the nucleosides of the oligomeric compounds of the invention can have a variety of other modifications. These modifications either alone or in combination with other nucleosides may enhance one or more of the desired properties described above. Thus, for nucleotides that are incorporated into oligonucleotides of the invention, these nucleotides can have sugar portions that correspond to naturally-occurring sugars or modified sugars. Representative modified sugars include carbocyclic or acyclic sugars, sugars having substituent groups at one or more of their 2′, 3′ or 4′ positions and sugars having substituents in place of one or more hydrogen atoms of the sugar. Additional nucleosides amenable to the present invention having altered base moieties and or altered sugar moieties are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808 and PCT application PCT/US89/02323.

The oligomeric compounds in accordance with this invention comprise from about 5 to about 80 nucleobases (i.e. from about 5 to about 80 linked nucleosides). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the invention embodies oligomeric compounds of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, or 80 nucleobases in length, or any sub-range therewithin.

In a further embodiment, the oligomeric compounds of the invention are 5 to 50 nucleobases in length. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the invention embodies oligomeric compounds of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 or 50 nucleobases in length, or any sub-range therewithin.

In another embodiment, the oligomeric compounds of the invention are 12 to 50 nucleobases in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies oligomeric compounds of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30 nucleobases in length, or any sub-range therewithin.

In another embodiment, the oligomeric compounds of the invention are 12 to 30 nucleobases in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies oligomeric compounds of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nucleobases in length, or any sub-range therewithin.

In a further embodiment, the oligomeric compounds of the invention are 13 to 40 nucleobases in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies oligomeric compounds of 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 or 40 nucleobases in length, or any sub-range therewithin.

In another embodiment, the oligomeric compounds of the invention are 15 to 30 nucleobases in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies oligomeric compounds of 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleobases in length, or any sub-range therewithin.

In another embodiment, the oligomeric compounds of the invention are 15 to 25 nucleobases in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies oligomeric compounds of 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 nucleobases in length, or any sub-range therewithin.

In a further embodiment, the oligomeric compounds of the invention are 21 to 25 nucleobases in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies oligomeric compounds of 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 nucleobases in length, or any sub-range therewithin.

Particularly suitable oligomeric compounds are oligonucleotides comprising from about 12 to about 50 nucleobases, from about 13 to 40 nucleobases, or from about 15 to about 30 nucleobases.

Oligomer Synthesis

Oligomerization of modified and unmodified nucleosides is performed according to literature procedures for DNA (Protocols for Oligonucleotides and Analogs, Ed. Agrawal (1993), Humana Press) and/or RNA (Scaringe, Methods (2001), 23, 206-217. Gait et al., Applications of Chemically synthesized RNA in RNA:Protein Interactions, Ed. Smith (1998), 1-36. Gallo et al., Tetrahedron (2001), 57, 5707-5713) synthesis as appropriate. In addition specific protocols for the synthesis of oligomeric compounds of the invention are illustrated in the examples below.

The oligomeric compounds used in accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed. It is well known to use similar techniques to prepare oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives.

The present invention is also useful for the preparation of oligomeric compounds incorporating at least one 2′-O-protected nucleoside. After incorporation and appropriate deprotection the 2′-O-protected nucleoside will be converted to a ribonucleoside at the position of incorporation. The number and position of the 2-ribonucleoside units in the final oligomeric compound can vary from one at any site or the strategy can be used to prepare up to a full 2′-OH modified oligomeric compound. All 2′-O-protecting groups amenable to the synthesis of oligomeric compounds are included in the present invention. In general a protected nucleoside is attached to a solid support by for example a succinate linker. Then the oligonucleotide is elongated by repeated cycles of deprotecting the 5′-terminal hydroxyl group, coupling of a further nucleoside unit, capping and oxidation (alternatively sulfurization). In a more frequently used method of synthesis the completed oligonucleotide is cleaved from the solid support with the removal of phosphate protecting groups and exocyclic amino protecting groups by treatment with an ammonia solution. Then a further deprotection step is normally required for the more specialized protecting groups used for the protection of 2′-hydroxyl groups which will give the fully deprotected oligonucleotide.

A large number of 2′-O-protecting groups have been used for the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides but over the years more effective groups have been discovered. The key to an effective 2′-O-protecting group is that it is capable of selectively being introduced at the 2′-O-position and that it can be removed easily after synthesis without the formation of unwanted side products. The protecting group also needs to be inert to the normal deprotecting, coupling, and capping steps required for oligoribonucleotide synthesis. Some of the protecting groups used initially for oligoribonucleotide synthesis included tetrahydropyran-1-yl and 4-methoxytetrahydropyran-4-yl. These two groups are not compatible with all 5′-O-protecting groups so modified versions were used with 5′-DMT groups such as 1-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl (Fpmp). Reese has identified a number of piperidine derivatives (like Fpmp) that are useful in the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides including 1-[(chloro-4-methyl)phenyl]-4′-methoxypiperidin-4-yl (Reese et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, (27), 2291). Another approach was to replace the standard 5′-DMT (dimethoxytrityl) group with protecting groups that were removed under non-acidic conditions such as levulinyl and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl. Such groups enable the use of acid labile 2′-protecting groups for oligoribonucleotide synthesis. Another more widely used protecting group initially used for the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides was the t-butyldimethylsilyl group (Ogilvie et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1974, 2861; Hakimelahi et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1981, (22), 2543; and Jones et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin I., 2762). The 2′-O-protecting groups can require special reagents for their removal such as for example the t-butyldimethylsilyl group is normally removed after all other cleaving/deprotecting steps by treatment of the oligomeric compound with tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF).

One group of researchers examined a number of 2′-O-protecting groups (Pitsch, S., Chimia, 2001, (55), 320-324.) The group examined fluoride labile and photolabile protecting groups that are removed using moderate conditions. One photolabile group that was examined was the [2-(nitrobenzyl)oxy]methyl (nbm) protecting group (Schwartz et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1992, (2), 1019.) Other groups examined included a number structurally related formaldehyde acetal-derived, 2′-O-protecting groups. Also prepared were a number of related protecting groups for preparing 2′-O-alkylated nucleoside phosphoramidites including 2′-O-[(triisopropylsilyl)oxy]methyl (2′-O—CH₂—O—Si(iPr)₃, TOM). One 2′-O-protecting group that was prepared to be used orthogonally to the TOM group was 2′-O-[(R)-1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyloxy)methyl]((R)-mnbm).

Another strategy using a fluoride labile 5′-O-protecting group (non-acid labile) and an acid labile 2′-O-protecting group has been reported (Scaringe, Stephen A., Methods, 2001, (23) 206-217). A number of possible silyl ethers were examined for 5′-O-protection and a number of acetals and orthoesters were examined for 2′-O-protection. The protection scheme that gave the best results was 5′-O-silyl ether-2′-ACE (5′-O-bis(trimethylsiloxy)cyclododecyloxysilyl ether (DOD)-2′-O-bis(2-acetoxyethoxy)methyl (ACE). This approach uses a modified phosphoramidite synthesis approach in that some different reagents are required that are not routinely used for RNA/DNA synthesis.

Although a lot of research has focused on the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides the main RNA synthesis strategies that are presently being used commercially include 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-[1(2-fluorophenyl)-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl](FPMP), 2′-O-[(triisopropylsilyl)oxy]methyl (2′-O—CH₂—O—Si(iPr)₃ (TOM), and the 5′-O-silyl ether-2′-ACE (5′-O-bis(trimethylsiloxy)cyclododecyloxysilyl ether (DOD)-2′-O-bis(2-acetoxyethoxy)methyl (ACE). A current list of some of the major companies currently offering RNA products include Pierce Nucleic Acid Technologies, Dharmacon Research Inc., Ameri Biotechnologies Inc., and Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. One company, Princeton Separations, is marketing an RNA synthesis activator advertised to reduce coupling times especially with TOM and TBDMS chemistries. Such an activator would also be amenable to the present invention.

The primary groups being used for commercial RNA synthesis are:

-   -   TBDMS=5′-O-DMT-2′-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl;     -   TOM=2′-O-[(triisopropylsilyl)oxy]methyl;     -   DOD/ACE=(5′-O-bis(trimethylsiloxy)cyclododecyloxysilyl         ether-2′-O-bis(2-acetoxyethoxy)methyl     -   FPMP=5′-O-DMT-2′-O-[1(2-fluorophenyl)-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl].

All of the aforementioned RNA synthesis strategies are amenable to the present invention. Strategies that would be a hybrid of the above e.g. using a 5′-protecting group from one strategy with a 2′-O-protecting from another strategy is also amenable to the present invention.

The preparation of ribonucleotides and oligomeric compounds having at least one ribonucleoside incorporated and all the possible configurations falling in between these two extremes are encompassed by the present invention. The corresponding oligomeric compounds can be hybridized to further oligomeric compounds including oligoribonucleotides having regions of complementarity to form double-stranded (duplexed) oligomeric compounds, which are commonly referred to as dsRNAs in the art. Such double stranded oligonucleotide moieties have been shown in the art to modulate target expression and regulate translation as well as RNA processsing via an antisense mechanism. Moreover, the double-stranded moieties may be subject to chemical modifications (Fire et al., Nature, 1998, 391, 806-811; Timmons and Fire, Nature 1998, 395, 854; Timmons et al., Gene, 2001, 263, 103-112; Tabara et al., Science, 1998, 282, 430-431; Montgomery et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95, 15502-15507; Tuschl et al., Genes Dev., 1999, 13, 3191-3197; Elbashir et al., Nature, 2001, 411, 494-498; Elbashir et al., Genes Dev. 2001, 15, 188-200). For example, such double-stranded moieties have been shown to inhibit the target by the classical hybridization of antisense strand of the duplex to the target, thereby triggering enzymatic degradation of the target (Tijsterman et al., Science, 2002, 295, 694-697). The effects of nucleoside modifications on RNAi activity are evaluated according to existing literature (Elbashir et al., Nature (2001), 411, 494-498; Nishikura et al., Cell (2001), 107, 415-416; and Bass et al., Cell (2000), 101, 235-238.)

The methods of preparing oligomeric compounds of the present invention can also be applied in the areas of drug discovery and target validation.

Oligomer Mimetics (Oligonucleotide Mimics)

Another group of oligomeric compounds amenable to the present invention includes oligonucleotide mimetics. The term mimetic as it is applied to oligonucleotides is intended to include oligomeric compounds wherein only the furanose ring or both the furanose ring and the internucleotide linkage are replaced with novel groups, replacement of only the furanose ring is also referred to in the art as being a sugar surrogate. The heterocyclic base moiety or a modified heterocyclic base moiety is maintained for hybridization with an appropriate target nucleic acid. One such oligomeric compound, an oligonucleotide mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In PNA oligomeric compounds, the sugar-backbone of an oligonucleotide is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of PNA oligomeric compounds include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Further teaching of PNA oligomeric compounds can be found in Nielsen et al., Science, 1991, 254, 1497-1500.

PNA has been modified in the art to incorporate numerous modifications since the basic PNA structure was first prepared. The basic structure is shown below:

wherein

-   -   Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;     -   T₄ is hydrogen, an amino protecting group, —C(O)R₅, substituted         or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,         alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, a chemical functional group, a         reporter group, a conjugate group, a D or L α-amino acid linked         via the α-carboxyl group or optionally through the ω-carboxyl         group when the amino acid is aspartic acid or glutamic acid or a         peptide derived from D, L or mixed D and L amino acids linked         through a carboxyl group, wherein the substituent groups are         selected from hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl,         nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and         alkynyl;

T₅ is —OH, —N(Z₁)Z₂, R₅, D or L α-amino acid linked via the α-amino group or optionally through the co-amino group when the amino acid is lysine or ornithine or a peptide derived from D, L or mixed D and L amino acids linked through an amino group, a chemical functional group, a reporter group or a conjugate group;

-   -   Z₁ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or an amino protecting group;     -   Z₂ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, an amino protecting group,         —C(═O)—(CH₂)_(n)-J-Z₃, a D or L α-amino acid linked via the         α-carboxyl group or optionally through the ω-carboxyl group when         the amino acid is aspartic acid or glutamic acid or a peptide         derived from D, L or mixed D and L amino acids linked through a         carboxyl group;     -   Z₃ is hydrogen, an amino protecting group, —C₁-C₆ alkyl,         —C(═O)—CH₃, benzyl, benzoyl, or —(CH₂)_(n)—N(H)Z₁;     -   each J is O, S or NH;     -   R₅ is a carbonyl protecting group; and     -   n is from 2 to about 50.

Another class of oligonucleotide mimetic that has been studied is based on linked morpholino units (morpholino nucleic acid) having heterocyclic bases attached to the morpholino ring. A number of linking groups have been reported that link the morpholino monomeric units in a morpholino nucleic acid. One class of linking groups has been selected to give a non-ionic oligomeric compound. The non-ionic morpholino-based oligomeric compounds are less likely to have undesired interactions with cellular proteins. Morpholino-based oligomeric compounds are non-ionic mimics of oligonucleotides which are less likely to form undesired interactions with cellular proteins (Dwaine A. Braasch and David R. Corey, Biochemistry, 2002, 41(14), 4503-4510). Morpholino-based oligomeric compounds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506, issued Jul. 23, 1991. The morpholino class of oligomeric compounds has been prepared having a variety of different linking groups joining the monomeric subunits.

Morpholino nucleic acids have been prepared having a variety of different linking groups (L₂) joining the monomeric subunits. The basic formula is shown below:

wherein

-   -   T₁ is hydroxyl or a protected hydroxyl;     -   T₅ is hydrogen or a phosphate or phosphate derivative;     -   L₂ is a linking group; and     -   n is from 2 to about 50.

A further class of oligonucleotide mimetic is referred to as cyclohexenyl nucleic acids (CeNA). The furanose ring normally present in an DNA/RNA molecule is replaced with a cyclohenyl ring. CeNA DMT protected phosphoramidite monomers have been prepared and used for oligomeric compound synthesis following classical phosphoramidite chemistry. Fully modified CeNA oligomeric compounds and oligonucleotides having specific positions modified with CeNA have been prepared and studied (see Wang et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 8595-8602). In general the incorporation of CeNA monomers into a DNA chain increases its stability of a DNA/RNA hybrid. CeNA oligoadenylates formed complexes with RNA and DNA complements with similar stability to the native complexes. The study of incorporating CeNA structures into natural nucleic acid structures was shown by NMR and circular dichroism to proceed with easy conformational adaptation. Furthermore the incorporation of CeNA into a sequence targeting RNA was stable to serum and able to activate E. Coli RNase resulting in cleavage of the target RNA strand.

The general formula of CeNA is shown below:

wherein

-   -   each Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;     -   T₁ is hydroxyl or a protected hydroxyl; and     -   T2 is hydroxyl or a protected hydroxyl.

Another class of oligonucleotide mimetic (anhydrohexitol nucleic acid) can be prepared from one or more anhydrohexitol nucleosides (see, Wouters and Herdewijn, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1999, 9, 1563-1566) and would have the general formula:

Another group of modifications includes nucleosides having sugar moieties that are bicyclic thereby locking the sugar conformational geometry. The most studied of these nucleosides having a bicyclic sugar moiety is locked nucleic acid or LNA. As can be seen in the structure below the 2′-O— has been linked via a methylene group to the 4′ carbon. This bridge attaches under the 3′ bonds forcing the sugar ring into a locked 3′-endo conformation geometry. The linkage can be a methylene (—CH₂—)_(n) group bridging the 2′ oxygen atom and the 4′ carbon atom wherein n is 1 for LNA. LNA and LNA analogs display very high duplex thermal stabilities with complementary DNA and RNA (T_(m)=+3 to +10 C), stability towards 3′-exonucleolytic degradation and good solubility properties.

An LNA analog that also has been looked at is ENA wherein an additional methylene group has been added to the bridge between the 2′ and the 2′ carbons (4′-CH₂—CH₂—O-2′, Kaneko et al., United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2002/0147332, Singh et al., Chem. Commun., 1998, 4, 455-456, also see Japanese Patent Application HEI-11-33863, Feb. 12, 1999).

In another publication a large genus of nucleosides having bicyclic sugar moieties is disclosed. The bridging group is variable as are the points of attachment (Unites States Patent Application Publication No. U.S. 2002/0068708).

The basic structure of LNA showing the bicyclic ring system is shown below:

The conformations of LNAs determined by 2D NMR spectroscopy have shown that the locked orientation of the LNA nucleotides, both in single-stranded LNA and in duplexes, constrains the phosphate backbone in such a way as to introduce a higher population of the N-type conformation (Petersen et al., J. Mol. Recognit., 2000, 13, 44-53). These conformations are associated with improved stacking of the nucleobases (Wengel et al., Nucleosides Nucleotides, 1999, 18, 1365-1370).

LNA has been shown to form exceedingly stable LNA:LNA duplexes (Koshkin et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 13252-13253). LNA:LNA hybridization was shown to be the most thermally stable nucleic acid type duplex system, and the RNA-mimicking character of LNA was established at the duplex level. Introduction of 3 LNA monomers (T or A) significantly increased melting points (T_(m)=+15/+11) toward DNA complements. The universality of LNA-mediated hybridization has been stressed by the formation of exceedingly stable LNA:LNA duplexes. The RNA-mimicking of LNA was reflected with regard to the N-type conformational restriction of the monomers and to the secondary structure of the LNA:RNA duplex.

LNAs also form duplexes with complementary DNA, RNA or LNA with high thermal affinities. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra show that duplexes involving fully modified LNA (esp. LNA:RNA) structurally resemble an A-form RNA:RNA duplex. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) examination of an LNA:DNA duplex confirmed the 3′-endo conformation of an LNA monomer. Recognition of double-stranded DNA has also been demonstrated suggesting strand invasion by LNA. Studies of mismatched sequences show that LNAs obey the Watson-Crick base pairing rules with generally improved selectivity compared to the corresponding unmodified reference strands.

Novel types of LNA-oligomeric compounds, as well as the LNAs, are useful in a wide range of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Among these are antisense applications, PCR applications, strand-displacement oligomers, substrates for nucleic acid polymerases and generally as nucleotide based drugs.

Potent and nontoxic antisense oligonucleotides containing LNAs have been described (Wahlestedt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2000, 97, 5633-5638.) The authors have demonstrated that LNAs confer several desired properties to antisense agents. LNA/DNA copolymers were not degraded readily in blood serum and cell extracts. LNA/DNA copolymers exhibited potent antisense activity in assay systems as disparate as G-protein-coupled receptor signaling in living rat brain and detection of reporter genes in Escherichia coli. Lipofectin-mediated efficient delivery of LNA into living human breast cancer cells has also been accomplished.

The synthesis and preparation of the LNA monomers adenine, cytosine, guanine, 5-methyl-cytosine, thymine and uracil, along with their oligomerization, and nucleic acid recognition properties have been described (Koshkin et al., Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 3607-3630). LNAs and preparation thereof are also described in WO 98/39352 and WO 99/14226.

The first analogs of LNA, phosphorothioate-LNA and 2′-thio-LNAs, have also been prepared (Kumar et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 2219-2222). Preparation of locked nucleoside analogs containing oligodeoxyribonucleotide duplexes as substrates for nucleic acid polymerases has also been described (Wengel et al., PCT International Application WO 98-DK393 19980914). Furthermore, synthesis of 2′-amino-LNA, a novel conformationally restricted high-affinity oligonucleotide analog with a handle has been described in the art (Singh et al., J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 10035-10039). In addition, 2′-Amino- and 2′-methylamino-LNA's have been prepared and the thermal stability of their duplexes with complementary RNA and DNA strands has been previously reported.

One group has added an additional methlene group to the LNA 2′,4′-bridging group (e.g. 4′-CH₂—CH₂—O-2′ (ENA), Kaneko et al., United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2002/0147332, also see Japanese Patent Application HEI-11-33863, Feb. 12, 1999).

Further oligonucleotide mimetics have been prepared to incude bicyclic and tricyclic nucleoside analogs having the formulas (amidite monomers shown):

(see Steffens et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 2426-2439; Steffens et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 3249-3255; and Renneberg et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 5993-6002). These modified nucleoside analogs have been oligomerized using the phosphoramidite approach and the resulting oligomeric compounds containing tricyclic nucleoside analogs have shown increased thermal stabilities (T_(m)'s) when hybridized to DNA, RNA and itself. Oligomeric compounds containing bicyclic nucleoside analogs have shown thermal stabilities approaching that of DNA duplexes.

Another class of oligonucleotide mimetic is referred to as phosphonomonoester nucleic acids incorporate a phosphorus group in a backbone the backbone. This class of olignucleotide mimetic is reported to have useful physical and biological and pharmacological properties in the areas of inhibiting gene expression (antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, sense oligonucleotides and triplex-forming oligonucleotides), as probes for the detection of nucleic acids and as auxiliaries for use in molecular biology.

The general formula (for definitions of Markush variables see: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,874,553 and 6,127,346 herein incorporated by reference in their entirety) is shown below.

Another oligonucleotide mimetic has been reported wherein the furanosyl ring has been replaced by a cyclobutyl moiety.

Modified Sugars

Oligomeric compounds of the invention may also contain one or more substituted sugar moieties. Oligomeric compounds comprise a sugar substituent group selected from: OH; F; O—, S—, or N-alkyl; O—, S—, or N-alkenyl; O—, S— or N-alkynyl; or O-alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl or C₂ to C₁₂ alkenyl and alkynyl. Particularly suitable are O[(CH₂)_(n)O]_(m)CH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)OCH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)NH₂, O(CH₂)_(n)CH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)ONH₂, and O(CH₂)_(n)ON[(CH₂)_(n)CH₃]₂, where n and m are from 1 to about 10. Other oligonucleotides comprise a sugar substituent group selected from: C₁ to C₁₂ lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH₃, OCN, Cl, Br, CN, CF₃, OCF₃, SOCH₃, SO₂CH₃, ONO₂, NO₂, N₃, NH₂, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide, or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide, and other substituents having similar properties. One modification includes 2′-methoxyethoxy (2′-O—CH₂CH₂OCH₃, also known as 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) or 2′-MOE) (Martin et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504) i.e., an alkoxyalkoxy group. Another modification includes 2′-dimethylaminooxyethoxy, i.e., a O(CH₂)₂ON(CH₃)₂ group, also known as 2′-DMAOE, as described in examples hereinbelow, and 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (also known in the art as 2′-O-dimethyl-amino-ethoxy-ethyl or 2′-DMAEOE), i.e., 2′-O—CH₂—O—CH₂—N(CH₃)₂.

Other sugar substituent groups include methoxy (—O—CH₃), aminopropoxy (—OCH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂), allyl (—CH₂—CH═CH₂), —O-allyl (—O—CH₂—CH═CH₂) and fluoro (F). 2′-Sugar substituent groups may be in the arabino (up) position or ribo (down) position. One 2′-arabino modification is 2′-F. Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligomeric compoiund, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleoside or in 2′-5′ linked oligonucleotides and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide. Oligomeric compounds may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyl moieties in place of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such modified sugar structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,981,957; 5,118,800; 5,319,080; 5,359,044; 5,393,878; 5,446,137; 5,466,786; 5,514,785; 5,519,134; 5,567,811; 5,576,427; 5,591,722; 5,597,909; 5,610,300; 5,627,053; 5,639,873; 5,646,265; 5,658,873; 5,670,633; 5,792,747; and 5,700,920, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Further representative sugar substituent groups include groups of formula I_(a) or II_(a):

wherein:

-   -   R_(b) is O, S or NH;     -   R_(d) is a single bond, O, S or C(═O);     -   R_(e) is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, N(R_(k))(R_(m)), N(R_(k))(R_(n)),         N═C(R_(p))(R_(q)), N═C(R_(p))(R_(r)) or has formula III_(a);     -   R_(p) and R_(q) are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;     -   R_(r) is —R_(x)—R_(y);     -   each R_(s), R_(t), R_(u) and R_(v) is, independently, hydrogen,         C(O)R_(w), substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted or         unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, a         chemical functional group or a conjugate group, wherein the         substituent groups are selected from hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy,         carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen,         alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl;     -   or optionally, R_(u) and R_(v), together form a phthalimido         moiety with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached;     -   each R_(w) is, independently, substituted or unsubstituted         C₁-C₁₂alkyl, trifluoromethyl, cyanoethyloxy, methoxy, ethoxy,         t-butoxy, allyloxy, 9-fluorenylmethoxy,         2-(trimethylsilyl)-ethoxy, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxy, benzyloxy,         butyryl, iso-butyryl, phenyl or aryl;     -   R_(k) is hydrogen, a nitrogen protecting group or —R_(x)—R_(y);     -   R_(p) is hydrogen, a nitrogen protecting group or —R_(x)—R_(y);     -   R_(x) is a bond or a linking moiety;     -   R_(y) is a chemical functional group, a conjugate group or a         solid support medium;     -   each R_(m) and R_(n) is, independently, H, a nitrogen protecting         group, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted         C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, wherein the substituent groups are selected from         hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol,         thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl; NH₃ ⁺,         N(R_(u))(R_(v)), guanidino and acyl where said acyl is an acid         amide or an ester;     -   or R_(m) and R_(n), together, are a nitrogen protecting group,         are joined in a ring structure that optionally includes an         additional heteroatom selected from N and O or are a chemical         functional group;     -   R_(i) is OR_(z), SR_(z), or N(R_(z))₂;     -   each R_(z) is, independently, H, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl,         C(═NH)N(H)R_(u), C(═O)N(H)R_(u) or OC(═O)N(H)R_(u);     -   R_(f), R_(g) and R_(h) comprise a ring system having from about         4 to about 7 carbon atoms or having from about 3 to about 6         carbon atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms wherein said heteroatoms are         selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur and wherein said ring         system is aliphatic, unsaturated aliphatic, aromatic, or         saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic;     -   R_(j) is alkyl or haloalkyl having 1 to about 10 carbon atoms,         alkenyl having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, alkynyl having 2 to         about 10 carbon atoms, aryl having 6 to about 14 carbon atoms,         N(R_(k))(R_(m)) OR_(k), halo, SR_(k) or CN;     -   m_(a) is 1 to about 10;     -   each mb is, independently, 0 or 1;     -   mc is 0 or an integer from 1 to 10;     -   md is an integer from 1 to 10;     -   me is from 0, 1 or 2; and     -   provided that when mc is 0, md is greater than 1.

Representative substituents groups of Formula Ia are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/130,973, filed Aug. 7, 1998, entitled “Capped 2′-Oxyethoxy Oligonucleotides,” hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Representative cyclic substituent groups of Formula IIa are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/123,108, filed Jul. 27, 1998, entitled “RNA Targeted 2′-Oligomeric compounds that are Conformationally Preorganized,” hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Sugar substituent groups include O[(CH₂)_(n)O]_(m)CH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)OCH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)NH₂, O(CH₂)_(n)CH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)ONH₂, and O(CH₂)_(n)ON[(CH₂)_(n)CH₃)]₂, where n and m are from 1 to about 10.

Representative guanidino substituent groups that are shown in formula IIIa disclosed in co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/349,040, entitled “Functionalized Oligomers”, filed Jul. 7, 1999, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Representative acetamido substituent groups are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,147,200 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Representative dimethylaminoethyloxyethyl substituent groups are disclosed in International Patent Application PCT/US99/17895, entitled “2′-O-Dimethylaminoethyloxy-ethyl-Oligomeric compounds”, filed Aug. 6, 1999, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Modified Nucleobases/Naturally Occurring Nucleobases

Chimeric oligomeric compounds of the invention may also include nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base” or “heterocyclic base moiety”) modifications or substitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or “natural” nucleobases include the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Modified nucleobases also referred herein as heterocyclic base moieties include other synthetic and natural nucleobases such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl (—C═C—CH₃) uracil and cytosine and other alkynyl derivatives of pyrimidine bases, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 2-F-adenine, 2-amino-adenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine.

Heterocyclic base moieties may also include those in which the purine or pyrimidine base is replaced with other heterocycles, for example 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deazaguanosine, 2-aminopyridine and 2-pyridone. Further nucleobases include those disclosed in U.S. Pat No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in The Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering, pages 858-859, Kroschwitz, J. I., ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1990, those disclosed by Englisch et al., Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 1991, 30, 613, and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Y. S., Chapter 15, Antisense Research and Applications, pages 289-302, Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., ed., CRC Press, 1993. Certain of these nucleobases are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of the oligomeric compounds of the invention. These include 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and O-6 substituted purines, including 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil and 5-propynylcytosine. 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., eds., Antisense Research and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are presently suitable base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with 2′-O-methoxyethyl sugar modifications.

In one aspect of the present invention chimeric oligomeric compounds are prepared having polycyclic heterocyclic compounds in place of one or more heterocyclic base moieties. A number of tricyclic heterocyclic comounds have been previously reported. These compounds are routinely used in antisense applications to increase the binding properties of the modified strand to a target strand. The most studied modifications are targeted to guanosines hence they have been termed G-clamps or cytidine analogs. Many of these polycyclic heterocyclic compounds have the general formula:

Representative cytosine analogs that make 3 hydrogen bonds with a guanosine in a second strand include 1,3-diazaphenoxazine-2-one (R₁₀₌O, R₁₁—R₁₄═H) (Kurchavov, et al., Nucleosides and Nucleotides, 1997, 16, 1837-1846), 1,3-diazaphenothiazine-2-one (R₁₀═S, R₁₁—R₁₄═H), (Lin, K.-Y.; Jones, R. J.; Matteucci, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 3873-3874) and 6,7,8,9-tetrafluoro-1,3-diazaphenoxazine-2-one (R₁₀═O, R₁₁—R₁₄═F)(Wang, J.; Lin, K.-Y., Matteucci, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 8385-8388). Incorporated into oligonucleotides these base modifications were shown to hybridize with complementary guanine and the latter was also shown to hybridize with adenine and to enhance helical thermal stability by extended stacking interactions (also see U.S. patent application entitled “Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids” filed May 24, 2002, Ser. No. 10/155,920; and U.S. patent application entitled “Nuclease Resistant Chimeric oligomeric compounds” filed May 24, 2002, Ser. No. 10/013,295, both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety).

Further helix-stabilizing properties have been observed when a cytosine analog/substitute has an aminoethoxy moiety attached to the rigid 1,3-diazaphenoxazine-2-one scaffold (R_(10═)O, R₁₁═—O—(CH₂)₂—NH₂, R₁₂₋₁₄═H )(Lin, K.-Y.; Matteucci, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8531-8532). Binding studies demonstrated that a single incorporation could enhance the binding affinity of a model oligonucleotide to its complementary target DNA or RNA with a ΔT_(m) of up to 18° relative to 5-methyl cytosine (dC5^(me)), which is the highest known affinity enhancement for a single modification. On the other hand, the gain in helical stability does not compromise the specificity of the oligonucleotides. The T_(m) data indicate an even greater discrimination between the perfect match and mismatched sequences compared to dC5^(me). It was suggested that the tethered amino group serves as an additional hydrogen bond donor to interact with the Hoogsteen face, namely the O6, of a complementary guanine thereby forming 4 hydrogen bonds. This means that the increased affinity of G-clamp is mediated by the combination of extended base stacking and additional specific hydrogen bonding.

Further tricyclic heterocyclic compounds and methods of using them that are amenable to the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,028,183 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,007,992, each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

The enhanced binding affinity of the phenoxazine derivatives together with their uncompromised sequence specificity makes them valuable nucleobase analogs for the development of more potent antisense-based drugs. In fact, promising data have been derived from in vitro experiments demonstrating that heptanucleotides containing phenoxazine substitutions are capable to activate RNaseH, enhance cellular uptake and exhibit an increased antisense activity (Lin, K-Y; Matteucci, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8531-8532). The activity enhancement was even more pronounced in case of G-clamp, as a single substitution was shown to significantly improve the in vitro potency of a 20 mer 2′-deoxyphosphorothioate oligonucleotides (Flanagan, W. M.; Wolf, J. J.; Olson, P.; Grant, D.; Lin, K.-Y.; Wagner, R. W.; Matteucci, M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999, 96, 3513-3518). Nevertheless, to optimize oligonucleotide design and to better understand the impact of these heterocyclic modifications on the biological activity, it is important to evaluate their effect on the nuclease stability of the oligomers.

Further modified polycyclic heterocyclic compounds useful as heterocyclcic bases are disclosed in but not limited to, the above noted U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,845,205; 5,130,302; 5,134,066; 5,175,273; 5,367,066; 5,432,272; 5,434,257; 5,457,187; 5,459,255; 5,484,908; 5,502,177; 5,525,711; 5,552,540; 5,587,469; 5,594,121, 5,596,091; 5,614,617; 5,645,985; 5,646,269; 5,750,692; 5,830,653; 5,763,588; 6,005,096; and 5,681,941, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/996,292 filed Nov. 28, 2001, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Activated Phosphorus Groups

The compositions of the present invention illustrate the use of activated phosphorus compositions (e.g. compounds having activated phosphorus-containing substituent groups) in coupling reactions. As used herein, the term activated phosphorus composition includes monomers and oligomers that have an activated phosphorus-containing substituent group that is reactive with a hydroxyl group of another monomeric or oligomeric compound to form a phosphorus-containing internucleotide linkage. Such activated phosphorus groups contain activated phosphorus atoms in P^(III) valence state and are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, phosphoramidite, H-phosphonate, phosphate triesters and chiral auxiliaries. One synthetic solid phase synthesis utilizes phosphoramidites as activated phosphates. The phosphoramidites utilize P^(III) chemistry. The intermediate phosphite compounds are subsequently oxidized to the P^(V) state using known methods to yield, in one embodiment, phosphodiester or phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages. Additional activated phosphates and phosphites are disclosed in Tetrahedron Report Number 309 (Beaucage and Iyer, Tetrahedron, 1992, 48, 2223-2311).

Activated phosphorus groups are useful in the preparation of a wide range of oligomeric compounds including but not limited to oligonucleosides and oligonucleotides as well as oligonucleotides that have been modified or conjugated with other groups at the base or sugar or both. Also included are oligonucleotide mimetics including but not limited to peptide nucleic acids (PNA), morpholino nucleic acids, cyclohexenyl nucleic acids (CeNA), anhydrohexitol nucleic acids, locked nucleic acids (LNA and ENA), bicyclic and tricyclic nucleic acids, phosphonomonoester nucleic acids and cyclobutyl nucleic acids. A representative example of one type of oligomer synthesis that utilizes the coupling of an activated phosphorus group with a reactive hydroxyl group is the widely used phosphoramidite approach. A phosphoramidite synthon is reacted under appropriate conditions with a reactive hydroxyl group to form a phosphite linkage that is further oxidized to a phosphodiester or phosphorothioate linkage. This approach commonly utilizes nucleoside phosphoramidites of the formula:

wherein

-   -   each Bx′ is an optionally protected heterocyclic base moiety;     -   each R_(1′) is, independently, H or an optionally protected         sugar substituent group;     -   T_(3′) is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a nucleoside, a         nucleotide, an oligonucleoside or an oligonucleotide;     -   L₁ is N(R₁)R₂;     -   each R₂ and R₃ is, independently, C₁-C₁₂ straight or branched         chain alkyl;     -   or R₂ and R₃ are joined together to form a 4- to 7-membered         heterocyclic ring system including the nitrogen atom to which R₂         and R₃ are attached, wherein said ring system optionally         includes at least one additional heteroatom selected from O, N         and S;     -   L₂ is Pg-O—, Pg-S—, C₁-C₁₂ straight or branched chain alkyl,         CH₃(CH₂)₀₋₁₀—O— or —NR₅R₆;     -   Pg is a protecting/blocking group; and     -   each R₅ and R₆ is, independently, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ straight or         branched chain alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl;     -   or optionally, R₅ and R_(6,) together with the nitrogen atom to         which they are attached form a cyclic moiety that may include an         additional heteroatom selected from O, S and N; or     -   L₁ and L₂ together with the phosphorus atom to which L₁ and L₂         are attached form a chiral auxiliary.

Groups that are attached to the phosphorus atom of internucleotide linkages before and after oxidation (L₁ and L₂) can include nitrogen containing cyclic moieties such as morpholine. Such oxidized internucleoside linkages include a phosphoromorpholidothioate linkage (Wilk et al., Nucleosides and nucleotides, 1991, 10, 319-322). Further cyclic moieties amenable to the present invention include mono-, bi- or tricyclic ring moieties which may be substituted with groups such as oxo, acyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, amino, amido, azido, aryl, heteroaryl, carboxylic acid, cyano, guanidino, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydrazino, ODMT, alkylsulfonyl, nitro, sulfide, sulfone, sulfonamide, thiol and thioalkoxy. A bicyclic ring structure that includes nitrogen is phthalimido.

Unless otherwise defined herein, alkyl means C₁-C₁₂, C₁-C₈, or C₁-C₆, straight or (where possible) branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbyl.

Unless otherwise defined herein, heteroalkyl means C₁-C₁₂, C₁-C₈, or C₁-C₆, straight or (where possible) branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbyl containing at least one or about 1 to about 3, hetero atoms in the chain, including the terminal portion of the chain. Suitable heteroatoms include N, O and S.

Unless otherwise defined herein, cycloalkyl means C₃-C₁₂, C₃-C₈, or C₃-C₆, aliphatic hydrocarbyl ring.

Unless otherwise defined herein, alkenyl means C₂-C₁₂, C₂-C₈, or C₂-C₆ alkenyl, which may be straight or (where possible) branched hydrocarbyl moiety, which contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

Unless otherwise defined herein, alkynyl means C₂-C₁₂, C₂-C₈, or C₂-C₆ alkynyl, which may be straight or (where possible) branched hydrocarbyl moiety, which contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.

Unless otherwise defined herein, heterocycloalkyl means a ring moiety containing at least three ring members, at least one of which is carbon, and of which 1, 2 or three ring members are other than carbon. The number of carbon atoms can vary from 1 to about 12, or from 1 to about 6, and the total number of ring members can vary from three to about 15, or from about 3 to about 8. Ring heteroatoms can be N, O and S. Heterocycloalkyl groups include morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, homopiperidinyl, homopiperazinyl, homomorpholino, homothiomorpholino, pyrrolodinyl, tetrahydrooxazolyl, tetrahydroimidazolyl, tetrahydrothiazolyl, tetrahydroisoxazolyl, tetrahydropyrrazolyl, furanyl, pyranyl, and tetrahydroisothiazolyl.

Unless otherwise defined herein, aryl means any hydrocarbon ring structure containing at least one aryl ring. Ayl rings can have about 6 to about 20 ring carbons. Aryl rings can include phenyl, napthyl, anthracenyl, and phenanthrenyl.

Unless otherwise defined herein, hetaryl means a ring moiety containing at least one fully unsaturated ring, the ring consisting of carbon and non-carbon atoms. The ring system can contain about 1 to about 4 rings. The number of carbon atoms can vary from 1 to about 12, or from 1 to about 6, and the total number of ring members can vary from three to about 15, or from about 3 to about 8. Ring heteroatoms are N, O and S. Hetaryl moieties include pyrazolyl, thiophenyl, pyridyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, purinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiophenyl, etc.

Unless otherwise defined herein, where a moiety is defined as a compound moiety, such as hetarylalkyl (hetaryl and alkyl), aralkyl (aryl and alkyl), etc., each of the sub-moieties is as defined herein.

Unless otherwise defined herein, an electron withdrawing group is a group, such as the cyano or isocyanato group that draws electronic charge away from the carbon to which it is attached. Other electron withdrawing groups of note include those whose electronegativities exceed that of carbon, for example halogen, nitro, or phenyl substituted in the ortho- or para-position with one or more cyano, isothiocyanato, nitro or halo groups.

Unless otherwise defined herein, the terms halogen and halo have their ordinary meanings. Halo (halogen) substituents can be Cl, Br, and I.

The aforementioned optional substituents are, unless otherwise herein defined, suitable substituents depending upon desired properties. Included are halogens (Cl, Br, I), alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl moieties, NO₂, NH₃ (substituted and unsubstituted), acid moieties (e.g. —CO₂H, —OSO₃H₂, etc.), heterocycloalkyl moieties, hetaryl moieties, aryl moieties, etc.

In all the preceding formulae, the squiggle (˜) indicates a bond to an oxygen or sulfur of the 5′-phosphate.

Phosphate protecting groups include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,209, U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,621, U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,699, U.S. Pat. No. 6,020,475, U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,478, U.S. Pat. No. 6,169,177, U.S. Pat. No. 6,121,437, U.S. Pat. No. 6,465,628 each of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Hybridization

In the context of this invention, “hybridization” means the pairing of complementary strands of oligomeric compounds. In the present invention, one mechanism of pairing involves hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases (nucleobases) of the strands of oligomeric compounds. For example, adenine and thymine are complementary nucleobases which pair through the formation of hydrogen bonds. Hybridization can occur under varying circumstances.

An oligomeric compound is specifically hybridizable when binding of the compound to the target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the target nucleic acid to cause a reduction in activity, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid off-target effects (non-specific binding of the antisense oligomeric compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, or under conditions in which assays are performed in the case of in vitro assays).

In the present invention the phrase “stringent hybridization conditions” or “stringent conditions” refers to conditions under which an oligomeric compound of the invention will hybridize to its target sequence, but to a minimal number of other sequences. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will vary with different circumstances and in the context of this invention, “stringent conditions” under which oligomeric compounds hybridize to a target sequence are determined by the nature and composition of the oligomeric compounds and the assays in which they are being investigated.

“Complementary,” as used herein, refers to the capacity for precise pairing of two nucleobases regardless of where the two are located. For example, if a nucleobase at a certain position of an oligomeric compound is capable of hydrogen bonding (pairing) with a nucleobase at a certain position of a target nucleic acid, the target nucleic acid being a DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotide molecule, then the position of hydrogen bonding between the oligonucleotide and the target nucleic acid is considered to be a complementary position. The oligomeric compound and the further DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotide molecule are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of complementary positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleobases which can hydrogen bond with each other. Thus, “specifically hybridizable” and “complementary” are terms which are used to indicate a sufficient degree of precise pairing or complementarity over a sufficient number of nucleobases such that stable and specific binding occurs between the oligonucleotide and a target nucleic acid.

It is understood in the art that the sequence of a chimeric oligomeric compound compound need not be 100% complementary to that of its target nucleic acid to be specifically hybridizable. Moreover, an oligonucleotide may hybridize over one or more segments such that intervening or adjacent segments are not involved in the hybridization event (e.g., a loop structure or hairpin structure). It may be desirable that the chimeric oligomeric compounds of the present invention comprise at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% sequence complementarity to a target region within the target nucleic acid to which they are targeted. For example, a chimeric oligomeric compound in which 18 of 20 nucleobases are complementary (the remaining 2 being mismatches) to a target region, which specifically hybridizes, would represent 90 percent complementarity. In this example, the remaining noncomplementary nucleobases may be clustered or interspersed with complementary nucleobases and need not be contiguous to each other or to complementary nucleobases. As such, a chimeric oligomeric compound which is 18 nucleobases in length having 4 (four) noncomplementary nucleobases which are flanked by two regions of complete complementarity with the target nucleic acid would have 77.8% overall complementarity with the target nucleic acid and would thus fall within the scope of the present invention. Percent complementarity of a chimeric oligomeric compound with a region of a target nucleic acid can be determined routinely using BLAST programs (basic local alignment search tools) and PowerBLAST programs known in the art (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol., 1990, 215, 403-410; Zhang and Madden, Genome Res., 1997, 7, 649-656).

Targets of the Invention

The chimeric oligomeric compounds of the present invention are targeted to nucleic acid targets in a sequence dependent manner. One nucleic acid target is messenger RNA. More specifically, chimeric oligomeric compounds of the invention will modulate gene expression by hybridizing to a nucleic acid target resulting in alteration of or reduction in normal function of the target nucleic acid. As used herein, the term “target nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid target” is used for convenience to encompass any nucleic acid capable of being targeted including without limitation DNA, RNA (including pre-mRNA and mRNA or portions thereof) transcribed from such DNA, and also cDNA derived from such RNA. In one embodiment of the invention the target nucleic acid is a messenger RNA. The inhibition of the target is typically based upon hydrogen bonding-based hybridization of the chimeric oligomeric compound strands or segments such that at least one strand or segment is cleaved, degraded, or otherwise rendered inoperable. In this regard, it is presently suitable to target specific nucleic acid molecules and their functions for such inhibition.

The functions of DNA to be interfered with can include replication and transcription. Replication and transcription, for example, can be from an endogenous cellular template, a vector, a plasmid construct or otherwise. The functions of RNA to be interfered with can include functions such as translocation of the RNA to a site of protein translation, translocation of the RNA to sites within the cell which are distant from the site of RNA synthesis, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more RNA species, and catalytic activity or complex formation involving the RNA which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. In the context of the present invention, “modulation” and “modulation of expression” mean either an increase (stimulation) or a decrease (inhibition) in the amount or levels of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the gene, e.g., DNA or RNA. Inhibition is often the desired form of modulation of expression and mRNA is often a suitable target nucleic acid.

In one aspect, the present invention is directed to chimeric oligomeric compounds that are prepared having enhanced activity against nucleic acid targets. As used herein the phrase “enhanced activity” can indicate upregulation or downregulation of a system. A target and a mechanism for its modulation is determined. An oligonucleotide is selected having an effective length and sequence that is complementary to a portion of the target sequence. The selected sequence is divided into regions and the nucleosides of each region are modified to enhance the desired properties of the respective region. Consideration is also given to the 5′ and 3′-termini as there are often advantageous modifications that can be made to one or more of the terminal nucleosides. Further modifications are also considered such as internucleoside linkages, conjugate groups, substitute sugars or bases, substitution of one or more nucleosides with nucleoside mimetics and any other modification that can enhance the selected sequence for its intended target.

“Targeting” a chimeric oligomeric compound of the invention to a particular nucleic acid molecule, in the context of this invention, can be a multistep process. The process usually begins with the identification of a target nucleic acid whose function is to be modulated. This target nucleic acid may be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a nucleic acid molecule from an infectious agent.

The targeting process usually also includes determination of at least one target region, target segment, or target site within the target nucleic acid for the antisense interaction to occur (hybridization of the chimeric oligomeric compound to its complementary sense target) such that the desired effect, e.g., modulation of expression, will result. Within the context of the present invention, the term “target region” is defined as a portion of the target nucleic acid having at least one identifiable structure, function, or characteristic. Within regions of target nucleic acids are segments. “Target segments” are defined as smaller or sub-portions of regions within a target nucleic acid. “Target sites,” as used in the present invention, are defined as positions within a target nucleic acid. Since, as is known in the art, the translation initiation codon is typically 5′-AUG (in transcribed mRNA molecules; 5′-ATG in the corresponding DNA molecule), the translation initiation codon is also referred to as the “AUG codon,” the “start codon” or the “AUG start codon”. A minority of genes has a translation initiation codon having the RNA sequence 5′-GUG, 5′-UUG or 5′-CUG, and 5′-AUA, 5′-ACG and 5′-CUG have been shown to function in vivo. Thus, the terms “translation initiation codon” and “start codon” can encompass many codon sequences, even though the initiator amino acid in each instance is typically methionine (in eukaryotes) or formylmethionine (in prokaryotes). It is also known in the art that eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes may have two or more alternative start codons, any one of which may be preferentially utilized for translation initiation in a particular cell type or tissue, or under a particular set of conditions. In the context of the invention, “start codon” and “translation initiation codon” refer to the codon or codons that are used in vivo to initiate translation of an mRNA transcribed from a gene encoding a nucleic acid target, regardless of the sequence(s) of such codons. It is also known in the art that a translation termination codon (or “stop codon”) of a gene may have one of three sequences, i.e., 5′-UAA, 5′-UAG and 5′-UGA (the corresponding DNA sequences are 5′-TAA, 5′-TAG and 5′-TGA, respectively).

The terms “start codon region” and “translation initiation codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation initiation codon. Similarly, the terms “stop codon region” and “translation termination codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation termination codon. Consequently, the “start codon region” (or “translation initiation codon region”) and the “stop codon region” (or “translation termination codon region”) are all regions which may be targeted effectively with the chimeric oligomeric compounds of the present invention.

The open reading frame (ORF) or “coding region,” which is known in the art to refer to the region between the translation initiation codon and the translation termination codon, is also a region which may be targeted effectively. Within the context of the present invention, one region is the intragenic region encompassing the translation initiation or termination codon of the open reading frame (ORF) of a gene.

Other target regions include the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 5′ direction from the translation initiation codon, and thus including nucleotides between the 5′ cap site and the translation initiation codon of an mRNA (or corresponding nucleotides on the gene), and the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 3′ direction from the translation termination codon, and thus including nucleotides between the translation termination codon and 3′ end of an mRNA (or corresponding nucleotides on the gene). The 5′ cap site of an mRNA comprises an N7-methylated guanosine residue joined to the 5′-most residue of the mRNA via a 5′-5′ triphosphate linkage. The 5′ cap region of an mRNA is considered to include the 5′ cap structure itself as well as the first 50 nucleotides adjacent to the cap site. It is also suitable to target the 5′ cap region.

Although some eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are directly translated, many contain one or more regions, known as “introns,” which are excised from a transcript before it is translated. The remaining (and therefore translated) regions are known as “exons” and are spliced together to form a continuous mRNA sequence, resulting in exon-exon junctions at the sites where exons are joined. Targeting exon-exon junctions can be useful in situations where the overproduction of a normal splice product is implicated in disease, or where the overproduction of an aberrant splice product is implicated in disease. Targeting splice sites, i.e., intron-exon junctions or exon-intron junctions, may also be particularly useful in situations where aberrant splicing is implicated in disease, or where an overproduction of a particular splice product is implicated in disease. Aberrant fusion junctions due to rearrangements or deletions are also suitable target sites. mRNA transcripts produced via the process of splicing of two (or more) mRNAs from different gene sources known as “fusion transcripts” are also suitable target sites. It is also known that introns can be effectively targeted using chimeric oligomeric compounds targeted to, for example, DNA or pre-mRNA.

It is also known in the art that alternative RNA transcripts can be produced from the same genomic region of DNA. These alternative transcripts are generally known as “variants”. More specifically, “pre-mRNA variants” are transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA that differ from other transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA in either their start or stop position and contain both intronic and exonic sequences.

Upon excision of one or more exon or intron regions, or portions thereof during splicing, pre-mRNA variants produce smaller “mRNA variants”. Consequently, mRNA variants are processed pre-mRNA variants and each unique pre-mRNA variant must always produce a unique mRNA variant as a result of splicing. These mRNA variants are also known as “alternative splice variants”. If no splicing of the pre-mRNA variant occurs then the pre-mRNA variant is identical to the mRNA variant.

It is also known in the art that variants can be produced through the use of alternative signals to start or stop transcription and that pre-mRNAs and mRNAs can possess more that one start codon or stop codon. Variants that originate from a pre-mRNA or mRNA that use alternative start codons are known as “alternative start variants” of that pre-mRNA or mRNA. Those transcripts that use an alternative stop codon are known as “alternative stop variants” of that pre-mRNA or mRNA. One specific type of alternative stop variant is the “polyA variant” in which the multiple transcripts produced result from the alternative selection of one of the “polyA stop signals” by the transcription machinery, thereby producing transcripts that terminate at unique polyA sites. Within the context of the invention, the types of variants described herein are also suitable target nucleic acids.

The locations on the target nucleic acid to which the chimeric oligomeric compounds hybridize are hereinbelow referred to as “suitable target segments.” As used herein the term “suitable target segment” is defined as at least a 5-nucleobase portion of a target region to which an active chimeric oligomeric compound of the present invention is targeted. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is presently believed that these target segments represent portions of the target nucleic acid which are accessible for hybridization.

Exemplary chimeric oligomeric compounds include at least the 5 consecutive nucleobases from the 5′-terminus of a targeted nucleic acid e.g. a cellular gene or mRNA transcribed from the gene (the remaining nucleobases being a consecutive stretch of the same oligonucleotide beginning immediately upstream of the 5′-terminus of the chimeric oligomeric compound which is specifically hybridizable to the target nucleic acid and continuing until the oligonucleotide contains from about 5 to about 80 nucleobases). Similarly, chimeric oligomeric compounds comprise at least the 5 consecutive nucleobases from the 3′-terminus of one of the illustrative chimeric oligomeric compounds (the remaining nucleobases being a consecutive stretch of the same oligonucleotide beginning immediately downstream of the 3′-terminus of the chimeric oligomeric compound which is specifically hybridizable to the target nucleic acid and continuing until the chimeric oligomeric compound contains from about 5 to about 80 nucleobases). One having skill in the art armed with the chimeric oligomeric compounds illustrated herein will be able, without undue experimentation, to identify further chimeric oligomeric compounds.

Once one or more target regions, target segments or target sites have been identified, chimeric oligomeric compounds of the invention are chosen which are sufficiently complementary to the target, i.e., hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient specificity, to give the desired effect.

The oligomeric antisense compounds can also be targeted to regions of a target nucleobase sequence, such as those disclosed herein. All regions of a nucleobase sequence to which an oligomeric antisense compound can be targeted, wherein the regions are greater than or equal to 5 and less than or equal to 80 nucleobases, are described as follows:

Let R(n, n+m−1) be a region from a target nucleobase sequence, where “n” is the 5′-most nucleobase position of the region, where “n+m−1” is the 3′-most nucleobase position of the region and where “m” is the length of the region. A set “S(m)”, of regions of length “m” is defined as the regions where n ranges from 1 to L−m+1, where L is the length of the target nucleobase sequence and L>m. A set, “A”, of all regions can be constructed as a union of the sets of regions for each length from where m is greater than or equal to 5 and is less than or equal to 80.

This set of regions can be represented using the following mathematical notation: $A = {{\bigcup\limits_{m}{{S(m)}\quad{where}\quad m}} \in {N{{5 \leq m \leq 80}}}}$ and S(m)={R _(n,n+m−1) |nε{1,2,3, . . . , L−m+1}} where the mathematical operator | indicates “such that”,

-   -   where the mathematical operator ε indicates “a member of a set”         (e.g. yεZ indicates that element y is a member of set Z),     -   where x is a variable,     -   where N indicates all natural numbers, defined as positive         integers,     -   and where the mathematical operator ∪ indicates “the union of         sets”.

For example, the set of regions for m equal to 5, 20 and 80 can be constructed in the following manner. The set of regions, each 5 nucleobases in length, S(m=5), in a target nucleobase sequence 100 nucleobases in length (L=100), beginning at position 1 (n=1) of the target nucleobase sequence, can be created using the following expression: S(5)={R _(1,5) |nε{1,2,3, . . . , 96}} and describes the set of regions comprising nucleobases 1-5, 2-6, 3-7, 4-8, 5-9, 6-10, 7-11, 8-12, 9-13, 10-14, 11-15, 12-16, 13-17, 14-18, 15-19, 16-20, 17-21, 18-22, 19-23, 20-24, 21-25, 22-26, 23-27, 24-28, 25-29, 26-30, 27-31, 28-32, 29-33, 30-34, 31-35, 32-36, 33-37, 34-38, 35-39, 36-40, 37-41, 38-42, 39-43, 40-44, 41-45, 42-46, 43-47, 44-48, 45-49, 46-50, 47-51, 48-52, 49-53, 50-54, 51-55, 52-56, 53-57, 54-58, 55-59, 56-60, 57-61, 58-62, 59-63, 60-64, 61-65, 62-66, 63-67, 64-68, 65-69, 66-70, 67-71, 68-72, 69-73, 70-74, 71-75, 72-76, 73-77, 74-78, 75-79, 76-80, 77-81, 78-82, 79-83, 80-84, 81-85, 82-86, 83-87, 84-88, 85-89, 86-90, 87-91, 88-92, 89-93, 90-94, 91-95, 92-96, 93-97, 94-98, 95-99, 96-100.

An additional set for regions 20 nucleobases in length, in a target sequence 100 nucleobases in length, beginning at position 1 of the target nucleobase sequence, can be described using the following expression: S(20)={R _(1,20) |nε{1,2,3, . . . ,81}} and describes the set of regions comprising nucleobases 1-20, 2-21, 3-22, 4-23, 5-24, 6-25, 7-26, 8-27, 9-28, 10-29, 11-30, 12-31, 13-32, 14-33, 15-34, 16-35, 17-36, 18-37, 19-38, 20-39, 21-40, 22-41, 23-42, 24-43, 25-44, 26-45, 27-46, 28-47, 29-48, 30-49, 31-50, 32-51, 33-52, 34-53, 35-54, 36-55, 37-56, 38-57, 39-58, 40-59, 41-60, 42-61, 43-62, 44-63, 45-64, 46-65, 47-66, 48-67, 49-68, 50-69, 51-70, 52-71, 53-72, 54-73, 55-74, 56-75, 57-76, 58-77, 59-78, 60-79, 61-80, 62-81, 63-82, 64-83, 65-84, 66-85, 67-86, 68-87, 69-88, 70-89, 71-90, 72-91, 73-92, 74-93, 75-94, 76-95, 77-96, 78-97, 79-98, 80-99, 81-100.

An additional set for regions 80 nucleobases in length, in a target sequence 100 nucleobases in length, beginning at position 1 of the target nucleobase sequence, can be described using the following expression: S(80)={R _(1,80) |nε{1,2,3, . . . , 21}} and describes the set of regions comprising nucleobases 1-80, 2-81, 3-82, 4-83, 5-84, 6-85, 7-86, 8-87, 9-88, 10-89, 11-90, 12-91, 13-92, 14-93, 15-94, 16-95, 17-96, 18-97, 19-98, 20-99, 21-100.

Thus, in this example, A would include regions 1-5, 2-6, 3-7 . . . 93-100, 1-20, 2-21, 3-22 . . . 81-100, 1-80, 2-81, 3-82 . . . 21-100.

The union of these aforementioned example sets and other sets for lengths from 10 to 19 and 21 to 79 can be described using the mathematical expression $A = {\bigcup\limits_{m}{S(m)}}$ where ∪ represents the union of the sets obtained by combining all members of all sets.

The mathematical expressions described herein defines all possible target regions in a target nucleobase sequence of any length L, where the region is of length m, and where m is greater than or equal to 5 and less than or equal to 80 nucleobases and, and where m is less than L, and where n is less than L−m+1.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a series of nucleic acid duplexes comprising the chimeric oligomeric compounds of the present invention and their complements can be designed for a specific target or targets. These nucleic acid duplexes are commonly referred to in the art as double-strand RNAs (dsRNAs) or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). As described herein, such duplexes have been shown in the art to modulate target expression and regulate translation as well as RNA processing via an antisense mechanism. Within a duplex, the ends of the strands may be modified by the addition of one or more natural or modified nucleobases to form an overhang. The sense strand of the duplex is then designed and synthesized as the complement of the antisense strand and may also contain modifications or additions to either terminus. For example, in one embodiment, both strands of the duplex would be complementary over the central nucleobases, each having overhangs at one or both termini. The antisense and sense strands of the duplex comprise from about 17 to 25 nucleotides, or from about 19 to 23 nucleotides. Alternatively, the antisense and sense strands comprise 20, 21 or 22 nucleotides.

For example, a duplex comprising a chimeric oligomeric compound having the sequence CGAGAGGCGGACGGGACCG (SEQ ID NO: 3) and having a two-nucleobase overhang of deoxythymidine(dT) would have the following structure:   cgagaggcggacgggaccgTT Antisense (SEQ ID NO: 4)   ||||||||||||||||||| Strand TTgctctccgcctgccctggc Complement (SEQ ID NO: 5) Strand

Overhangs can range from 1 to 6 nucleobases and these nucleobases may or may not be complementary to the target nucleic acid. One of skill in the art will understand that the overhang may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 nucleobases in length. In another embodiment, the duplexes may have an overhang on only on terminus.

In another embodiment, a duplex comprising an antisense strand having the same sequence CGAGAGGCGGACGGGACCG (SEQ ID NO: 3) may be prepared with blunt ends (no single stranded overhang) as shown: cgagaggcggacgggaccg Antisense (SEQ ID NO: 3) ||||||||||||||||||| Strand gctctccgcctgccctggc Complement (SEQ ID NO: 6) Strand

The RNA duplex can be unimolecular or bimolecular; i.e., the two strands can be part of a single molecule or may be separate molecules. These sequences are shown to contain thymine (T), but one of skill in the art will appreciate that thymine (T) can generally be replaced with uracil (U) in RNA sequences.

Screening and Target Validation

In a further embodiment, “suitable target segments” may be employed in a screen for additional oligomeric compounds that modulate the expression of a selected protein. “Modulators” are those oligomeric compounds that decrease or increase the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein and which comprise at least an 8-nucleobase portion which is complementary to a suitable target segment. The screening method comprises the steps of contacting a suitable target segment of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein with one or more candidate modulators, and selecting for one or more candidate modulators which decrease or increase the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein. Once it is shown that the candidate modulator or modulators are capable of modulating (e.g. either decreasing or increasing) the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a peptide, the modulator may then be employed in further investigative studies of the function of the peptide, or for use as a research, diagnostic, or therapeutic agent in accordance with the present invention.

The suitable target segments of the present invention may also be combined with their respective complementary chimeric oligomeric compounds of the present invention to form stabilized double-stranded (duplexed) oligonucleotides. Such double-stranded oligonucleotide moieties have been shown in the art to modulate target expression and regulate translation as well as RNA processing via an antisense mechanism.

The oligomeric compounds of the present invention can also be applied in the areas of drug discovery and target validation. The present invention comprehends the use of the oligomeric compounds and suitable targets identified herein in drug discovery efforts to elucidate relationships that exist between proteins and a disease state, phenotype, or condition. These methods include detecting or modulating a target peptide comprising contacting a sample, tissue, cell, or organism with the oligomeric compounds of the present invention, measuring the nucleic acid or protein level of the target and/or a related phenotypic or chemical endpoint at some time after treatment, and optionally comparing the measured value to a non-treated sample or sample treated with a further oligomeric compound of the invention. These methods can also be performed in parallel or in combination with other experiments to determine the function of unknown genes for the process of target validation or to determine the validity of a particular gene product as a target for treatment or prevention of a particular disease, condition, or phenotype.

Kits, Research Reagents, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics

The oligomeric compounds of the present invention can be utilized for diagnostics, therapeutics, prophylaxis and as research reagents and kits. Furthermore, antisense oligonucleotides, which are able to inhibit gene expression with exquisite specificity, are often used by those of ordinary skill to elucidate the function of particular genes or to distinguish between functions of various members of a biological pathway.

For use in kits and diagnostics, the oligomeric compounds of the present invention, either alone or in combination with other oligomeric compounds or therapeutics, can be used as tools in differential and/or combinatorial analyses to elucidate expression patterns of a portion or the entire complement of genes expressed within cells and tissues. As one nonlimiting example, expression patterns within cells or tissues treated with one or more chimeric oligomeric compounds are compared to control cells or tissues not treated with chimeric oligomeric compounds and the patterns produced are analyzed for differential levels of gene expression as they pertain, for example, to disease association, signaling pathway, cellular localization, expression level, size, structure or function of the genes examined. These analyses can be performed on stimulated or unstimulated cells and in the presence or absence of other compounds and or oligomeric compounds which affect expression patterns.

Examples of methods of gene expression analysis known in the art include DNA arrays or microarrays (Brazma and Vilo, FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 17-24; Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16), SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression)(Madden, et al., Drug Discov. Today, 2000, 5, 415-425), READS (restriction enzyme amplification of digested cDNAs) (Prashar and Weissman, Methods Enzymol., 1999, 303, 258-72), TOGA (total gene expression analysis) (Sutcliffe, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2000, 97, 1976-81), protein arrays and proteomics (Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16; Jungblut, et al., Electrophoresis, 1999, 20, 2100-10), expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing (Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16; Larsson, et al., J. Biotechnol., 2000, 80, 143-57), subtractive RNA fingerprinting (SuRF) (Fuchs, et al., Anal. Biochem., 2000, 286, 91-98; Larson, et al., Cytometry, 2000, 41, 203-208), subtractive cloning, differential display (DD) (Jurecic and Belmont, Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 2000, 3, 316-21), comparative genomic hybridization (Carulli, et al., J. Cell Biochem. Suppl., 1998, 31, 286-96), FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) techniques (Going and Gusterson, Eur. J. Cancer, 1999, 35, 1895-904) and mass spectrometry methods (To, Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen, 2000, 3, 235-41).

The oligomeric compounds of the invention are useful for research and diagnostics, because these oligomeric compounds hybridize to nucleic acids encoding proteins. The primers and probes disclosed herein are useful in methods requiring the specific detection of nucleic acid molecules encoding proteins and in the amplification of the nucleic acid molecules for detection or for use in further studies. Hybridization of the primers and probes with a nucleic acid can be detected by means known in the art. Such means may include conjugation of an enzyme to the primer or probe, radiolabelling of the primer or probe or any other suitable detection means. Kits using such detection means for detecting the level of selected proteins in a sample may also be prepared.

The specificity and sensitivity of antisense is also harnessed by those of skill in the art for therapeutic uses. Antisense oligomeric compounds have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals, including humans. Antisense oligonucleotide drugs, including ribozymes, have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently underway. It is thus established that antisense oligomeric compounds can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for the treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.

For therapeutics, an animal, such as a human, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of a selected protein is treated by administering chimeric oligomeric compounds in accordance with this invention. For example, in one non-limiting embodiment, the methods comprise the step of administering to the animal in need of treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a protein inhibitor. The protein inhibitors of the present invention effectively inhibit the activity of the protein or inhibit the expression of the protein. In one embodiment, the activity or expression of a protein in an animal is inhibited by about 10% or more, by about 20% or more, by about 30% or more, by about 40% or more, by about 50% or more, by about 60% or more, by about 70% or more, by about 80% or more, by about 90% or more, by about 95% or more, or by about 99% or more. For example, the reduction of the expression of a protein may be measured in serum, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal. The cells contained within the fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed can contain a nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein and/or the protein itself.

The oligomeric compounds of the invention can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of an oligomeric compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Use of the oligomeric compounds and methods of the invention may also be useful prophylactically.

Formulations

The oligomeric compounds of the invention may also be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, as for example, liposomes, receptor-targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absorption. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such uptake, distribution and/or absorption-assisting formulations include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,108,921; 5,354,844; 5,416,016; 5,459,127; 5,521,291; 5,543,158; 5,547,932; 5,583,020; 5,591,721; 4,426,330; 4,534,899; 5,013,556; 5,108,921; 5,213,804; 5,227,170; 5,264,221; 5,356,633; 5,395,619; 5,416,016; 5,417,978; 5,462,854; 5,469,854; 5,512,295; 5,527,528; 5,534,259; 5,543,152; 5,556,948; 5,580,575; and 5,595,756, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

The chimeric oligomeric compounds of the invention encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other compound which, upon administration to an animal, including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the oligomeric compounds of the invention, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents. The term “prodrug” indicates a therapeutic agent that is prepared in an inactive form that is converted to an active form (i.e., drug) within the body or cells thereof by the action of endogenous enzymes or other chemicals and/or conditions. In particular, prodrug versions of the oligomeric compounds of the invention are prepared as SATE [(S-acetyl-2-thioethyl) phosphate] derivatives according to the methods disclosed in WO 93/24510 to Gosselin et al., published Dec. 9, 1993 or in WO 94/26764 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,713 to Imbach et al.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto.

Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts are formed with metals or amines, such as alkali and alkaline earth metals or organic amines. Examples of metals used as cations are sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and the like. Examples of suitable amines are N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, dicyclohexylamine, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, and procaine (see, for example, Berge et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts,” J. of Pharma Sci., 1977, 66, 1-19). The base addition salts of said acidic compounds are prepared by contacting the free acid form with a sufficient amount of the desired base to produce the salt in the conventional manner. The free acid form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with an acid and isolating the free acid in the conventional manner. The free acid forms differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to their respective free acid for purposes of the present invention. As used herein, a “pharmaceutical addition salt” includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an acid form of one of the components of the compositions of the invention. These include organic or inorganic acid salts of the amines. Acid salts are the hydrochlorides, acetates, salicylates, nitrates and phosphates. Other suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known to those skilled in the art and include basic salts of a variety of inorganic and organic acids, such as, for example, with inorganic acids, such as for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid; with organic carboxylic, sulfonic, sulfo or phospho acids or N-substituted sulfamic acids, for example acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, methylmaleic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, gluconic acid, glucaric acid, glucuronic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, 2-phenoxybenzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, embonic acid, nicotinic acid or isonicotinic acid; and with amino acids, such as the 20 alpha-amino acids involved in the synthesis of proteins in nature, for example glutamic acid or aspartic acid, and also with phenylacetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, 2- or 3-phosphoglycerate, glucose-6-phosphate, N-cyclohexylsulfamic acid (with the formation of cyclamates), or with other acid organic compounds, such as ascorbic acid. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds may also be prepared with a pharmaceutically acceptable cation. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable cations are well known to those skilled in the art and include alkaline, alkaline earth, ammonium and quaternary ammonium cations. Carbonates or hydrogen carbonates are also possible.

For oligonucleotides, examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include but are not limited to (a) salts formed with cations such as sodium, potassium, ammonium, magnesium, calcium, polyamines such as spermine and spermidine, etc.; (b) acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids, for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid and the like; (c) salts formed with organic acids such as, for example, acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, tannic acid, palmitic acid, alginic acid, polyglutamic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, polygalacturonic acid, and the like; and (d) salts formed from elemental anions such as chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Routes of Administration The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions and formulations which include the oligomeric compounds of the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Oligonucleotides with at least one 2′-O-methoxyethyl modification are believed to be particularly useful for oral administration.

Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful. Topical formulations include those in which the oligonucleotides of the invention are in admixture with a topical delivery agent such as lipids, liposomes, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, steroids, chelating agents and surfactants. Lipids and liposomes include neutral (e.g. dioleoylphosphatidyl DOPE ethanolamine, dimyristoylphosphatidyl choline DMPC, distearolyphosphatidyl choline) negative (e.g. dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol DMPG) and cationic (e.g. dioleoyltetramethylaminopropyl DOTAP and dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine DOTMA). Oligonucleotides of the invention may be encapsulated within liposomes or may form complexes thereto, in particular to cationic liposomes. Alternatively, oligonucleotides may be complexed to lipids, in particular to cationic lipids. Fatty acids and esters include but are not limited arachidonic acid, oleic acid, eicosanoic acid, lauric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein, dilaurin, glyceryl 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, an acylcarnitine, an acylcholine, or a C₁₋₁₀ alkyl ester (e.g. isopropylmyristate IPM), monoglyceride, diglyceride or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Topical formulations are described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/315,298 filed on May 20, 1999 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, an oligonucleotide may be administered to a subject via an oral route of administration. The subjects of the present invention comprise animals. An animal subject may be a mammal, such as a mouse, a rat, a dog, a guinea pig, a monkey, a human, a non-human primate, a cat or a pig. Non-human primates include monkeys and chimpanzees. A suitable animal subject may be an experimental animal, such as a mouse, a rat, a dog, a non-human primate, a cat or a pig.

In some embodiments, the subject may be a human. In certain embodiments, the subject may be a human patient as discussed in more detail herein. In certain embodiments, it may be necessary to modulate the expression of one or more genes of the human patient. In some particular embodiments, it may be necessary to inhibit expression of one or more genes of the human patient. In particular embodiments, it may be necessary to modulate, i.e. inhibit or enhance, the expression of one or more genes in order to obtain therapeutic outcomes discussed herein.

In some embodiments, non-parenteral (e.g. oral) oligonucleotide formulations according to the present invention result in enhanced bioavailability of the oligonucleotide. In this context, the term “bioavailability” refers to a measurement of that portion of an administered drug which reaches the circulatory system (e.g. blood, especially blood plasma) when a particular mode of administration is used to deliver the drug. Enhanced bioavailability refers to a particular mode of administration's ability to deliver oligonucleotide to the peripheral blood plasma of a subject relative to another mode of administration. For example, when a non-parenteral mode of administration (e.g. an oral mode) is used to introduce the drug into a subject, the bioavailability for that mode of administration may be compared to a different mode of administration, e.g. an IV mode of administration. In some embodiments, the area under a compound's blood plasma concentration curve (AUC₀) after non-parenteral administration may be divided by the area under the drug's plasma concentration curve after intravenous (i.v.) administration (AUC_(iv)) to provide a dimensionless quotient (relative bioavailability, RB) that represents fraction of compound absorbed via the non-parenteral route as compared to the IV route. A composition's bioavailability is said to be enhanced in comparison to another composition's bioavailability when the first composition's relative bioavailability (RB₁) is greater than the second composition's relative bioavailability (RB₂).

In general, bioavailability correlates with therapeutic efficacy when a compound's therapeutic efficacy is related to the blood concentration achieved, even if the drug's ultimate site of action is intracellular (van Berge-Henegouwen et al., Gastroenterol., 1977, 73, 300). Bioavailability studies have been used to determine the degree of intestinal absorption of a drug by measuring the change in peripheral blood levels of the drug after an oral dose (DiSanto, Chapter 76 In: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed., Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1990, pages 1451-1458).

In general, an oral composition (comprising an oligonucleotide) bioavailability is said to be “enhanced” when its relative bioavailability is greater than the bioavailability of a composition substantially consisting of pure oligonucleotide, i.e. oligonucleotide in the absence of a penetration enhancer.

Organ bioavailability refers to the concentration of compound in an organ. Organ bioavailability may be measured in test subjects by a number of means, such as by whole-body radiography. Organ bioavailability may be modified, e.g. enhanced, by one or more modifications to the oligonucleotide, by use of one or more carrier compounds or excipients, etc. as discussed in more detail herein. In general, an increase in bioavailability will result in an increase in organ bioavailability.

Oral oligonucleotide compositions according to the present invention may comprise one or more “mucosal penetration enhancers,” also known as “absorption enhancers” or simply as “penetration enhancers.” Accordingly, some embodiments of the invention comprise at least one oligonucleotide in combination with at least one penetration enhancer. In general, a penetration enhancer is a substance that facilitates the transport of a drug across mucous membrane(s) associated with the desired mode of administration, e.g. intestinal epithelial membranes. Accordingly it is desirable to select one or more penetration enhancers that facilitate the uptake of an oligonucleotide, without interfering with the activity of the oligonucleotide, and in such a manner the oligonucleotide can be introduced into the body of an animal without unacceptable degrees of side-effects such as toxicity, irritation or allergic response.

Embodiments of the present invention provide compositions comprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable penetration enhancers, and methods of using such compositions, which result in the improved bioavailability of oligonucleotides administered via non-parenteral modes of administration. Heretofore, certain penetration enhancers have been used to improve the bioavailability of certain drugs. See Muranishi, Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1 and Lee et al., Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, 8, 91. It has been found that the uptake and delivery of oligonucleotides can be greatly improved even when administered by non-parenteral means through the use of a number of different classes of penetration enhancers.

In some embodiments, compositions for non-parenteral administration include one or more modifications to naturally-occurring oligonucleotides (i.e. full-phosphodiester deoxyribosyl or full-phosphodiester ribosyl oligonucleotides). Such modifications may increase binding affinity, nuclease stability, cell or tissue permeability, tissue distribution, or other biological or pharmacokinetic property. Modifications may be made to the base, the linker, or the sugar, in general, as discussed in more detail herein with regards to oligonucleotide chemistry. In some embodiments of the invention, compositions for administration to a subject, and in particular oral compositions for administration to an animal (human or non-human) subject, will comprise modified oligonucleotides having one or more modifications for enhancing affinity, stability, tissue distribution, or other biological property.

Suitable modified linkers include phosphorothioate linkers. In some embodiments according to the invention, the oligonucleotide has at least one phosphorothioate linker. Phosphorothioate linkers provide nuclease stability as well as plasma protein binding characteristics to the oligonucleotide. Nuclease stability is useful for increasing the in vivo lifetime of oligonucleotides, while plasma protein binding decreases the rate of first pass clearance of oligonucleotide via renal excretion. In some embodiments according to the present invention, the oligonucleotide has at least two phosphorothioate linkers. In some embodiments, wherein the oligonucleotide has exactly n nucleosides, the oligonucleotide has from one to n-1 phosphorothioate linkages. In some embodiments, wherein the oligonucleotide has exactly n nucleosides, the oligonucleotide has n-1 phosphorothioate linkages. In other embodiments wherein the oligonucleotide has exactly n nucleoside, and n is even, the oligonucleotide has from 1 to n/2 phosphorothioate linkages, or, when n is odd, from 1 to (n-1)/2 phosphorothioate linkages. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide has alternating phosphodiester (PO) and phosphorothioate (PS) linkages. In other embodiments, the oligonucleotide has at least one stretch of two or more consecutive PO linkages and at least one stretch of two or more PS linkages. In other embodiments, the oligonucleotide has at least two stretches of PO linkages interrupted by at least on PS linkage.

In some embodiments, at least one of the nucleosides is modified on the ribosyl sugar unit by a modification that imparts nuclease stability, binding affinity or some other beneficial biological property to the sugar. In some cases, the sugar modification includes a 2′-modification, e.g. the 2′-OH of the ribosyl sugar is replaced or substituted. Suitable replacements for 2′-OH include 2′-F and 2′-arabino-F. Suitable substitutions for OH include 2′-O-alkyl, e.g. 2-O-methyl, and 2′-O-substituted alkyl, e.g. 2′-O-methoxyethyl, 2′-NH₂, 2′-O-aminopropyl, etc. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide contains at least one 2′-modification. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide contains at least two 2′-modifications. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide has at least one 2′-modification at each of the termini (i.e. the 3′- and 5′-terminal nucleosides each have the same or different 2′-modifications). In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide has at least two sequential 2′-modifications at each end of the oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, oligonucleotides further comprise at least one deoxynucleoside. In particular embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise a stretch of deoxynucleosides such that the stretch is capable of activating RNase (e.g. RNase H) cleavage of an RNA to which the oligonucleotide is capable of hybridizing. In some embodiments, a stretch of deoxynucleosides capable of activating RNase-mediated cleavage of RNA comprises about 6 to about 16, e.g. about 8 to about 16 consecutive deoxynucleosides. In further embodiments, oligonucleotides are capable of eliciting cleaveage by dsRNAse enzymes which act on RNA:RNA hybrids.

Oligonucleotide compositions of the present invention may be formulated in various dosage forms such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, liquid syrups, soft gels, suppositories, and enemas. The term “alimentary delivery” encompasses e.g. oral, rectal, endoscopic and sublingual/buccal administration. A common requirement for these modes of administration is absorption over some portion or all of the alimentary tract and a need for efficient mucosal penetration of the oligonucleotides or mimetics thereof so administered.

Delivery of a drug via the oral mucosa, as in the case of buccal and sublingual administration, has several desirable features, including, in many instances, a more rapid rise in plasma concentration of the drug (Harvey, Chapter 35 In: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed., Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1990, page 711).

Endoscopy may be used for drug delivery directly to an interior portion of the alimentary tract. For example, endoscopic retrograde cystopancreatography (ERCP) takes advantage of extended gastroscopy and permits selective access to the biliary tract and the pancreatic duct (Hirahata et al., Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 1992, 19(10 Suppl.), 1591). Pharmaceutical compositions, including liposomal formulations, can be delivered directly into portions of the alimentary canal, such as, e.g., the duodenum (Somogyi et al., Pharm. Res., 1995, 12, 149) or the gastric submucosa (Akamo et al., Japanese J. Cancer Res., 1994, 85, 652) via endoscopic means. Gastric lavage devices (Inoue et al., Artif. Organs, 1997, 21, 28) and percutaneous endoscopic feeding devices (Pennington et al., Ailment Pharmacol. Ther., 1995, 9, 471) can also be used for direct alimentary delivery of pharmaceutical compositions.

In some embodiments, oligonucleotide formulations may be administered through the anus into the rectum or lower intestine. Rectal suppositories, retention enemas or rectal catheters can be used for this purpose and may be desired when patient compliance might otherwise be difficult to achieve (e.g., in pediatric and geriatric applications, or when the patient is vomiting or unconscious). Rectal administration can result in more prompt and higher blood levels than the oral route. (Harvey, Chapter 35 In: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed., Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1990, page 711). Because about 50% of the drug that is absorbed from the rectum will likely bypass the liver, administration by this route significantly reduces the potential for first-pass metabolism (Benet et al., Chapter 1 In: Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Ed., Hardman et al., eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., 1996).

Some embodiments employ various penetration enhancers in order to effect transport of oligonucleotides and other nucleic acids across mucosal and epithelial membranes. Penetration enhancers may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories—surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p. 92). Accordingly, some embodiments comprise oral oligonucleotide compositions comprising at least one member of the group consisting of surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating surfactants. Further embodiments comprise oral oligonucleotide compositions comprising at least one fatty acid, e.g. capric or lauric acid, or combinations or salts thereof. Other embodiments comprise methods of enhancing the oral bioavailability of an oligonucleotide, the method comprising co-administering the oligonucleotide and at least one penetration enhancer.

Other excipients that may be added to oral oligonucleotide compositions include surfactants (or “surface-active agents”). These are chemical entities which, when dissolved in an aqueous solution, reduce the surface tension of the solution or the interfacial tension between the aqueous solution and another liquid, with the result that absorption of oligonucleotides through the alimentary mucosa and other epithelial membranes is enhanced. In addition to bile salts and fatty acids, surfactants include, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether and polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92); and perfluorohemical emulsions, such as FC-43 (Takahashi et al., J. Pharm. Phamacol., 1988, 40, 252).

Fatty acids and their derivatives which act as penetration enhancers and may be used in compositions of the present invention include, for example, oleic acid, lauric acid, capric acid (n-decanoic acid), myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein (1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol), dilaurin, caprylic acid, arachidonic acid, glyceryl 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, acylcarnitines, acylcholines and mono- and di-glycerides thereof and/or physiologically acceptable salts thereof (i.e., oleate, laurate, caprate, myristate, palmitate, stearate, linoleate, etc.) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1; El-Hariri et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1992, 44, 651).

In some embodiments, oligonucleotide compositions for oral delivery comprise at least two discrete phases, which phases may comprise particles, capsules, gel-capsules, microspheres, etc. Each phase may contain one or more oligonucleotides, penetration enhancers, surfactants, bioadhesives, effervescent agents, or other adjuvant, excipient or diluent. In some embodiments, one phase comprises at least one oligonucleotide and at lease one penetration enhancer. In some embodiments, a first phase comprises at least one oligonucleotide and at least one penetration enhancer, while a second phase comprises at least one penetration enhancer. In some embodiments, a first phase comprises at least one oligonucleotide and at least one penetration enhancer, while a second phase comprises at least one penetration enhancer and substantially no oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, at least one phase is compounded with at least one degradation retardant, such as a coating or a matrix, which delays release of the contents of that phase. In some embodiments, at least one phase In some embodiments, a first phase comprises at least one oligonucleotide, at least one penetration enhancer, while a second phase comprises at least one penetration enhancer and a release-retardant. In particular embodiments, an oral oligonucleotide composition comprises a first phase comprising particles containing an oligonucleotide and a penetration enhancer, and a second phase comprising particles coated with a release-retarding agent and containing penetration enhancer.

A variety of bile salts also function as penetration enhancers to facilitate the uptake and bioavailability of drugs. The physiological roles of bile include the facilitation of dispersion and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins (Brunton, Chapter 38 In: Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Ed., Hardman et al., eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., 1996, pages 934-935). Various natural bile salts, and their synthetic derivatives, act as penetration enhancers. Thus, the term “bile salt” includes any of the naturally occurring components of bile as well as any of their synthetic derivatives. The bile salts of the invention include, for example, cholic acid (or its pharmaceutically acceptable sodium salt, sodium cholate), dehydrocholic acid (sodium dehydrocholate), deoxycholic acid (sodium deoxycholate), glucholic acid (sodium glucholate), glycholic acid (sodium glycocholate), glycodeoxycholic acid (sodium glycodeoxycholate), taurocholic acid (sodium taurocholate), taurodeoxycholic acid (sodium taurodeoxycholate), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA, sodium chenodeoxycholate), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), sodium tauro-24,25-dihydro-fusidate (STDHF), sodium glycodihydrofusidate and polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether (POE) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92; Swinyard, Chapter 39 In: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed., Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1990, pages 782-783; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1; Yamamoto et al., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 1992, 263, 25; Yamashita et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1990, 79, 579).

In some embodiments, penetration enhancers of the present invention are mixtures of penetration enhancing compounds. One such penetration mixture is UDCA (and/or CDCA) with capric and/or lauric acids or salts thereof e.g. sodium. Such mixtures are useful for enhancing the delivery of biologically active substances across mucosal membranes, in particular intestinal mucosa. Other penetration enhancer mixtures comprise about 5-95% of bile acid or salt(s) UDCA and/or CDCA with 5-95% capric and/or lauric acid. Particular penetration enhancers are mixtures of the sodium salts of UDCA, capric acid and lauric acid in a ratio of about 1:2:2 respectively. Anther such penetration enhancer is a mixture of capric and lauric acid (or salts thereof) in a 0.01:1 to 1:0.01 ratio (mole basis). In particular embodiments capric acid and lauric acid are present in molar ratios of e.g. about 0.1:1 to about 1:0.1, in particular about 0.5:1 to about 1:0.5.

Other excipients include chelating agents, i.e. compounds that remove metallic ions from solution by forming complexes therewith, with the result that absorption of oligonucleotides through the alimentary and other mucosa is enhanced. With regards to their use as penetration enhancers in compositions containing DNA-like oligonucleotides in the present invention, chelating agents have the added advantage of also serving as DNase inhibitors, as most characterized DNA nucleases require a divalent metal ion for catalysis and are thus inhibited by chelating agents (Jarrett, J. Chromatogr., 1993, 618, 315). Chelating agents of the invention include, but are not limited to, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), citric acid, salicylates (e.g., sodium salicylate, 5-methoxysalicylate and homovanilate), N-acyl derivatives of collagen, laureth-9 and N-amino acyl derivatives of beta-diketones (enamines)(Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1; Buur et al., J. Control Rel., 1990, 14, 43).

As used herein, non-chelating non-surfactant penetration enhancers may be defined as compounds that demonstrate insignificant activity as chelating agents or as surfactants but that nonetheless enhance absorption of oligonucleotides through the alimentary and other mucosal membranes (Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1). This class of penetration enhancers includes, but is not limited to, unsaturated cyclic ureas, 1-alkyl- and 1-alkenylazacyclo-alkanone derivatives (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92); and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as diclofenac sodium, indomethacin and phenylbutazone (Yamashita et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1987, 39, 621).

Agents that enhance uptake of oligonucleotides at the cellular level may also be added to the pharmaceutical, therapeutic and other compositions of the present invention. For example, cationic lipids, such as lipofectin (Junichi et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,188), cationic glycerol derivatives, and polycationic molecules, such as polylysine (Lollo et al., PCT Application WO 97/30731), can be used.

A “pharmaceutical carrier” or “excipient” may be a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent or any other pharmacologically inert vehicle for delivering one or more nucleic acids to an animal. The excipient may be liquid or solid and is selected, with the planned manner of administration in mind, so as to provide for the desired bulk, consistency, etc., when combined with a an oligonucleotide and the other components of a given pharmaceutical composition. Typical pharmaceutical carriers include, but are not limited to, binding agents (e.g., pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, etc.); fillers (e.g., lactose and other sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, pectin, gelatin, calcium sulfate, ethyl cellulose, polyacrylates or calcium hydrogen phosphate, etc.); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc, silica, colloidal silicon dioxide, stearic acid, metallic stearates, hydrogenated vegetable oils, corn starch, polyethylene glycols, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, etc.); disintegrants (e.g., starch, sodium starch glycolate, EXPLOTAB); and wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate, etc.).

Oral oligonucleotide compositions may additionally contain other adjunct components conventionally found in pharmaceutical compositions, at their art-established usage levels. Thus, for example, the compositions may contain additional, compatible, pharmaceutically-active materials such as, for example, antipruritics, astringents, local anesthetics or anti-inflammatory agents, or may contain additional materials useful in physically formulating various dosage forms of the composition of present invention, such as dyes, flavoring agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opacifiers, thickening agents and stabilizers. However, such materials, when added, should not unduly interfere with the biological activities of the components of the compositions of the present invention. Compositions and formulations for parenteral, intrathecal or intraventricular administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives such as, but not limited to, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, solutions, emulsions, and liposome-containing formulations. These compositions may be generated from a variety of components that include, but are not limited to, preformed liquids, self-emulsifying solids and self-emulsifying semisolids.

The pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention, which may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, may be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

The compositions of the present invention may be formulated into any of many possible dosage forms such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gel capsules, liquid syrups, soft gels, suppositories, and enemas. The compositions of the present invention may also be formulated as suspensions in aqueous, non-aqueous or mixed media. Aqueous suspensions may further contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers.

In one embodiment of the present invention the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated and used as foams. Pharmaceutical foams include formulations such as, but not limited to, emulsions, microemulsions, creams, jellies and liposomes. While basically similar in nature these formulations vary in the components and the consistency of the final product. The preparation of such compositions and formulations is generally known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical and formulation arts and may be applied to the formulation of the compositions of the present invention.

Emulsions

The compositions of the present invention may be prepared and formulated as emulsions. Emulsions are typically heterogenous systems of one liquid dispersed in another in the form of droplets usually exceeding 0.1 μm in diameter (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199; Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., Volume 1, p. 245; Block in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 2, p. 335; Higuchi et al., in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 301). Emulsions are often biphasic systems comprising of two immiscible liquid phases intimately mixed and dispersed with each other. In general, emulsions may be either water-in-oil (w/o) or of the oil-in-water (o/w) variety. When an aqueous phase is finely divided into and dispersed as minute droplets into a bulk oily phase the resulting composition is called a water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion. Alternatively, when an oily phase is finely divided into and dispersed as minute droplets into a bulk aqueous phase the resulting composition is called an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion. Emulsions may contain additional components in addition to the dispersed phases and the active drug which may be present as a solution in either the aqueous phase, oily phase or itself as a separate phase. Pharmaceutical excipients such as emulsifiers, stabilizers, dyes, and anti-oxidants may also be present in emulsions as needed. Pharmaceutical emulsions may also be multiple emulsions that are comprised of more than two phases such as, for example, in the case of oil-in-water-in-oil (o/w/o) and water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsions. Such complex formulations often provide certain advantages that simple binary emulsions do not. Multiple emulsions in which individual oil droplets of an o/w emulsion enclose small water droplets constitute a w/o/w emulsion. Likewise a system of oil droplets enclosed in globules of water stabilized in an oily continuous provides an o/w/o emulsion.

Often, the dispersed or discontinuous phase of the emulsion is well dispersed into the external or continuous phase and maintained in this form through the means of emulsifiers or the viscosity of the formulation. Either of the phases of the emulsion may be a semisolid or a solid, as is the case of emulsion-style ointment bases and creams. Other means of stabilizing emulsions entail the use of emulsifiers that may be incorporated into either phase of the emulsion. Emulsifiers may broadly be classified into four categories: synthetic surfactants, naturally occurring emulsifiers, absorption bases, and finely dispersed solids (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199).

Synthetic surfactants, also known as surface active agents, have found wide applicability in the formulation of emulsions and have been reviewed in the literature (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 285; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, volume 1, p. 199). Surfactants are typically amphiphilic and comprise a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic portion. The ratio of the hydrophilic to the hydrophobic nature of the surfactant has been termed the hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB) and is a valuable tool in categorizing and selecting surfactants in the preparation of formulations. Surfactants may be classified into different classes based on the nature of the hydrophilic group: nonionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 285).

Naturally occurring emulsifiers used in emulsion formulations include lanolin, beeswax, phosphatides, lecithin and acacia. Absorption bases possess hydrophilic properties such that they can soak up water to form w/o emulsions yet retain their semisolid consistencies, such as anhydrous lanolin and hydrophilic petrolatum. Finely divided solids have also been used as good emulsifiers especially in combination with surfactants and in viscous preparations. These include polar inorganic solids, such as heavy metal hydroxides, nonswelling clays such as bentonite, attapulgite, hectorite, kaolin, montmorillonite, colloidal aluminum silicate and colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate, pigments and nonpolar solids such as carbon or glyceryl tristearate.

A large variety of non-emulsifying materials are also included in emulsion formulations and contribute to the properties of emulsions. These include fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty esters, humectants, hydrophilic colloids, preservatives and antioxidants (Block, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 335; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199).

Hydrophilic colloids or hydrocolloids include naturally occurring gums and synthetic polymers such as polysaccharides (for example, acacia, agar, alginic acid, carrageenan, guar gum, karaya gum, and tragacanth), cellulose derivatives (for example, carboxymethylcellulose and carboxypropylcellulose), and synthetic polymers (for example, carbomers, cellulose ethers, and carboxyvinyl polymers). These disperse or swell in water to form colloidal solutions that stabilize emulsions by forming strong interfacial films around the dispersed-phase droplets and by increasing the viscosity of the external phase.

Since emulsions often contain a number of ingredients such as carbohydrates, proteins, sterols and phosphatides that may readily support the growth of microbes, these formulations often incorporate preservatives. Commonly used preservatives included in emulsion formulations include methyl paraben, propyl paraben, quaternary ammonium salts, benzalkonium chloride, esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and boric acid. Antioxidants are also commonly added to emulsion formulations to prevent deterioration of the formulation. Antioxidants used may be free radical scavengers such as tocopherols, alkyl gallates, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, or reducing agents such as ascorbic acid and sodium metabisulfite, and antioxidant synergists such as citric acid, tartaric acid, and lecithin.

The application of emulsion formulations via dermatological, oral and parenteral routes and methods for their manufacture have been reviewed in the literature (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199). Emulsion formulations for oral delivery have been very widely used because of reasons of ease of formulation, efficacy from an absorption and bioavailability standpoint. (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199). Mineral-oil base laxatives, oil-soluble vitamins and high fat nutritive preparations are among the materials that have commonly been administered orally as o/w emulsions.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the compositions of oligonucleotides are formulated as microemulsions. A microemulsion may be defined as a system of water, oil and amphiphile which is a single optically isotropic and thermodynamically stable liquid solution (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245). Typically microemulsions are systems that are prepared by first dispersing an oil in an aqueous surfactant solution and then adding a sufficient amount of a fourth component, generally an intermediate chain-length alcohol to form a transparent system. Therefore, microemulsions have also been described as thermodynamically stable, isotropically clear dispersions of two immiscible liquids that are stabilized by interfacial films of surface-active molecules (Leung and Shah, in: Controlled Release of Drugs: Polymers and Aggregate Systems, Rosoff, M., Ed., 1989, VCH Publishers, New York, pages 185-215). Microemulsions commonly are prepared via a combination of three to five components that include oil, water, surfactant, cosurfactant and electrolyte. Whether the microemulsion is of the water-in-oil (w/o) or an oil-in-water (o/w) type is dependent on the properties of the oil and surfactant used and on the structure and geometric packing of the polar heads and hydrocarbon tails of the surfactant molecules (Schott, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 271).

The phenomenological approach utilizing phase diagrams has been extensively studied and has yielded a comprehensive knowledge, to one skilled in the art, of how to formulate microemulsions (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245; Block, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 335). Compared to conventional emulsions, microemulsions offer the advantage of solubilizing water-insoluble drugs in a formulation of thermodynamically stable droplets that are formed spontaneously.

Surfactants used in the preparation of microemulsions include, but are not limited to, ionic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants, Brij 96, polyoxyethylene oleyl ethers, polyglycerol fatty acid esters, tetraglycerol monolaurate (ML310), tetraglycerol monooleate (MO310), hexaglycerol monooleate (PO310), hexaglycerol pentaoleate (PO500), decaglycerol monocaprate (MCA750), decaglycerol monooleate (MO750), decaglycerol sequioleate (SO750), decaglycerol decaoleate (DAO750), alone or in combination with cosurfactants. The cosurfactant, usually a short-chain alcohol such as ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol, serves to increase the interfacial fluidity by penetrating into the surfactant film and consequently creating a disordered film because of the void space generated among surfactant molecules. Microemulsions may, however, be prepared without the use of cosurfactants and alcohol-free self-emulsifying microemulsion systems are known in the art. The aqueous phase may typically be, but is not limited to, water, an aqueous solution of the drug, glycerol, PEG300, PEG400, polyglycerols, propylene glycols, and derivatives of ethylene glycol. The oil phase may include, but is not limited to, materials such as Captex 300, Captex 355, Capmul MCM, fatty acid esters, medium chain (C8-C12) mono, di, and tri-glycerides, polyoxyethylated glyceryl fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols, polyglycolized glycerides, saturated polyglycolized C8-C10 glycerides, vegetable oils and silicone oil.

Microemulsions are particularly of interest from the standpoint of drug solubilization and the enhanced absorption of drugs. Lipid based microemulsions (both o/w and w/o) have been proposed to enhance the oral bioavailability of drugs, including peptides (Constantinides et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11, 1385-1390; Ritschel, Meth. Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 1993, 13, 205). Microemulsions afford advantages of improved drug solubilization, protection of drug from enzymatic hydrolysis, possible enhancement of drug absorption due to surfactant-induced alterations in membrane fluidity and permeability, ease of preparation, ease of oral administration over solid dosage forms, improved clinical potency, and decreased toxicity (Constantinides et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11, 1385; Ho et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1996, 85, 138-143). Often microemulsions may form spontaneously when their components are brought together at ambient temperature. This may be particularly advantageous when formulating thermolabile drugs, peptides or oligonucleotides. Microemulsions have also been effective in the transdermal delivery of active components in both cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. It is expected that the microemulsion compositions and formulations of the present invention will facilitate the increased systemic absorption of oligonucleotides from the gastrointestinal tract, as well as improve the local cellular uptake of oligonucleotides within the gastrointestinal tract, vagina, buccal cavity and other areas of administration.

Microemulsions of the present invention may also contain additional components and additives such as sorbitan monostearate (Grill 3), Labrasol, and penetration enhancers to improve the properties of the formulation and to enhance the absorption of the oligonucleotides and nucleic acids of the present invention. Penetration enhancers used in the microemulsions of the present invention may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories—surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p. 92). Each of these classes has been discussed above.

Liposomes

There are many organized surfactant structures besides microemulsions that have been studied and used in the formulation of drugs. These include monolayers, micelles, bilayers and vesicles. Vesicles, such as liposomes, have attracted great interest because of their specificity and the duration of action they offer from the standpoint of drug delivery. As used in the present invention, the term “liposome” means a vesicle composed of amphiphilic lipids arranged in a spherical bilayer or bilayers.

Liposomes are unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles which have a membrane formed from a lipophilic material and an aqueous interior. The aqueous portion contains the composition to be delivered. Cationic liposomes possess the advantage of being able to fuse to the cell wall. Non-cationic liposomes, although not able to fuse as efficiently with the cell wall, are taken up by macrophages in vivo.

In order to cross intact mammalian skin, lipid vesicles must pass through a series of fine pores, each with a diameter less than 50 nm, under the influence of a suitable transdermal gradient. Therefore, it is desirable to use a liposome which is highly deformable and able to pass through such fine pores.

Further advantages of liposomes include; liposomes obtained from natural phospholipids are biocompatible and biodegradable; liposomes can incorporate a wide range of water and lipid soluble drugs; liposomes can protect encapsulated drugs in their internal compartments from metabolism and degradation (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245). Important considerations in the preparation of liposome formulations are the lipid surface charge, vesicle size and the aqueous volume of the liposomes.

Liposomes are useful for the transfer and delivery of active ingredients to the site of action. Because the liposomal membrane is structurally similar to biological membranes, when liposomes are applied to a tissue, the liposomes start to merge with the cellular membranes. As the merging of the liposome and cell progresses, the liposomal contents are emptied into the cell where the active agent may act.

Liposomal formulations have been the focus of extensive investigation as the mode of delivery for many drugs. There is growing evidence that for topical administration, liposomes present several advantages over other formulations. Such advantages include reduced side-effects related to high systemic absorption of the administered drug, increased accumulation of the administered drug at the desired target, and the ability to administer a wide variety of drugs, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, into the skin.

Several reports have detailed the ability of liposomes to deliver agents including high-molecular weight DNA into the skin. Compounds including analgesics, antibodies, hormones and high-molecular weight DNAs have been administered to the skin. The majority of applications resulted in the targeting of the upper epidermis.

Liposomes fall into two broad classes and are useful for the delivery of DNA, RNA or any nucleic acid-based construct. Cationic liposomes are positively charged liposomes which interact with negatively charged DNA molecules to form a stable complex. The positively charged DNA/liposome complex binds to the negatively charged cell surface and is internalized in an endosome. Due to the acidic pH within the endosome, the liposomes are ruptured, releasing their contents into the cell cytoplasm (Wang et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1987, 147, 980-985).

Liposomes which are pH-sensitive or negatively-charged, entrap DNA rather than complex with it. Since both the DNA and the lipid are similarly charged, repulsion rather than complex formation occurs. Nevertheless, some DNA is entrapped within the aqueous interior of these liposomes. pH-sensitive liposomes have been used to deliver DNA encoding the thymidine kinase gene to cell monolayers in culture. Expression of the exogenous gene was detected in the target cells (Zhou et al., Journal of Controlled Release, 1992, 19, 269-274).

One major type of liposomal composition includes phospholipids other than naturally-derived phosphatidylcholine. Neutral liposome compositions, for example, can be formed from dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) or dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Anionic liposome compositions generally are formed from dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol, while anionic fusogenic liposomes are formed primarily from dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). Another type of liposomal composition is formed from phosphatidylcholine (PC) such as, for example, soybean PC, and egg PC. Another type is formed from mixtures of phospholipid and/or phosphatidylcholine and/or cholesterol.

Several studies have assessed the topical delivery of liposomal drug formulations to the skin. Application of liposomes containing interferon to guinea pig skin resulted in a reduction of skin herpes sores while delivery of interferon via other means (e.g. as a solution or as an emulsion) were ineffective (Weiner et al., Journal of Drug Targeting, 1992, 2, 405-410). Further, an additional study tested the efficacy of interferon administered as part of a liposomal formulation to the administration of interferon using an aqueous system, and concluded that the liposomal formulation was superior to aqueous administration (du Plessis et al., Antiviral Research, 1992, 18, 259-265).

Non-ionic liposomal systems have also been examined to determine their utility in the delivery of drugs to the skin, in particular systems comprising non-ionic surfactant and cholesterol. Non-ionic liposomal formulations comprising Novasome™ I (glyceryl dilaurate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) and Novasome™ II (glyceryl distearate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) were used to deliver cyclosporin-A into the dermis of mouse skin. Results indicated that such non-ionic liposomal systems were effective in facilitating the deposition of cyclosporin-A into different layers of the skin (Hu et al. S.T.P.Pharma. Sci., 1994, 4, 6, 466).

Liposomes also include “sterically stabilized” liposomes, a term which, as used herein, refers to liposomes comprising one or more specialized lipids that, when incorporated into liposomes, result in enhanced circulation lifetimes relative to liposomes lacking such specialized lipids. Examples of sterically stabilized liposomes are those in which part of the vesicle-forming lipid portion of the liposome (A) comprises one or more glycolipids, such as monosialoganglioside G_(M1), or (B) is derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is thought in the art that, at least for sterically stabilized liposomes containing gangliosides, sphingomyelin, or PEG-derivatized lipids, the enhanced circulation half-life of these sterically stabilized liposomes derives from a reduced uptake into cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) (Allen et al., FEBS Letters, 1987, 223, 42; Wu et al., Cancer Research, 1993, 53, 3765).

Various liposomes comprising one or more glycolipids are known in the art. Papahadjopoulos et al. (Ann. N.Y Acad. Sci., 1987, 507, 64) reported the ability of monosialoganglioside G_(M1), galactocerebroside sulfate and phosphatidylinositol to improve blood half-lives of liposomes. These findings were expounded upon by Gabizon et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1988, 85, 6949). U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,028 and WO 88/04924, both to Allen et al., disclose liposomes comprising (1) sphingomyelin and (2) the ganglioside G_(M1) or a galactocerebroside sulfate ester. U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,152 (Webb et al.) discloses liposomes comprising sphingomyelin. Liposomes comprising 1,2-sn-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine are disclosed in WO 97/13499 (Lim et al.).

Many liposomes comprising lipids derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, and methods of preparation thereof, are known in the art. Sunamoto et al. (Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1980, 53, 2778) described liposomes comprising a nonionic detergent, 2C₁₂15G, that contains a PEG moiety. Illum et al. (FEBS Lett., 1984, 167, 79) noted that hydrophilic coating of polystyrene particles with polymeric glycols results in significantly enhanced blood half-lives. Synthetic phospholipids modified by the attachment of carboxylic groups of polyalkylene glycols (e.g., PEG) are described by Sears (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,426,330 and 4,534,899). Klibanov et al. (FEBS Lett., 1990, 268, 235) described experiments demonstrating that liposomes comprising phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) derivatized with PEG or PEG stearate have significant increases in blood circulation half-lives. Blume et al. (Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1990, 1029, 91) extended such observations to other PEG-derivatized phospholipids, e.g., DSPE-PEG, formed from the combination of distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE) and PEG. Liposomes having covalently bound PEG moieties on their external surface are described in European Patent No. EP 0 445 131 B1 and WO 90/04384 to Fisher. Liposome compositions containing 1-20 mole percent of PE derivatized with PEG, and methods of use thereof, are described by Woodle et al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,556 and 5,356,633) and Martin et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,213,804 and European Patent No. EP 0 496 813 B1). Liposomes comprising a number of other lipid-polymer conjugates are disclosed in WO 91/05545 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,212 (both to Martin et al.) and in WO 94/20073 (Zalipsky et al.) Liposomes comprising PEG-modified ceramide lipids are described in WO 96/10391 (Choi et al.). U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,540,935 (Miyazaki et al.) and 5,556,948 (Tagawa et al.) describe PEG-containing liposomes that can be further derivatized with functional moieties on their surfaces.

WO 96/40062 to Thierry et al. discloses methods for encapsulating high molecular weight nucleic acids in liposomes. U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,221 to Tagawa et al. discloses protein-bonded liposomes and asserts that the contents of such liposomes may include an antisense RNA. U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,710 to Rahman et al. describes certain methods of encapsulating oligodeoxynucleotides in liposomes. WO 97/04787 to Love et al. discloses liposomes comprising antisense oligonucleotides targeted to the raf gene.

Transfersomes are yet another type of liposomes, and are highly deformable lipid aggregates which are attractive candidates for drug delivery vehicles. Transfersomes may be described as lipid droplets which are so highly deformable that they are easily able to penetrate through pores which are smaller than the droplet. Transfersomes are adaptable to the environment in which they are used, e.g. they are self-optimizing (adaptive to the shape of pores in the skin), self-repairing, frequently reach their targets without fragmenting, and often self-loading. To make transfersomes it is possible to add surface edge-activators, usually surfactants, to a standard liposomal composition. Transfersomes have been used to deliver serum albumin to the skin. The transfersome-mediated delivery of serum albumin has been shown to be as effective as subcutaneous injection of a solution containing serum albumin.

Surfactants find wide application in formulations such as emulsions (including microemulsions) and liposomes. The most common way of classifying and ranking the properties of the many different types of surfactants, both natural and synthetic, is by the use of the hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB). The nature of the hydrophilic group (also known as the “head”) provides the most useful means for categorizing the different surfactants used in formulations (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, p. 285).

If the surfactant molecule is not ionized, it is classified as a nonionic surfactant. Nonionic surfactants find wide application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products and are usable over a wide range of pH values. In general their HLB values range from 2 to about 18 depending on their structure. Nonionic surfactants include nonionic esters such as ethylene glycol esters, propylene glycol esters, glyceryl esters, polyglyceryl esters, sorbitan esters, sucrose esters, and ethoxylated esters. Nonionic alkanolamides and ethers such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates, propoxylated alcohols, and ethoxylated/propoxylated block polymers are also included in this class. The polyoxyethylene surfactants are the most popular members of the nonionic surfactant class.

If the surfactant molecule carries a negative charge when it is dissolved or dispersed in water, the surfactant is classified as anionic. Anionic surfactants include carboxylates such as soaps, acyl lactylates, acyl amides of amino acids, esters of sulfuric acid such as alkyl sulfates and ethoxylated alkyl sulfates, sulfonates such as alkyl benzene sulfonates, acyl isethionates, acyl taurates and sulfosuccinates, and phosphates. The most important members of the anionic surfactant class are the alkyl sulfates and the soaps.

If the surfactant molecule carries a positive charge when it is dissolved or dispersed in water, the surfactant is classified as cationic. Cationic surfactants include quaternary ammonium salts and ethoxylated amines. The quaternary ammonium salts are the most used members of this class.

If the surfactant molecule has the ability to carry either a positive or negative charge, the surfactant is classified as amphoteric. Amphoteric surfactants include acrylic acid derivatives, substituted alkylamides, N-alkylbetaines and phosphatides.

The use of surfactants in drug products, formulations and in emulsions has been reviewed (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, p. 285).

Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic excipient suitable for non-parenteral administration which do not deleteriously react with nucleic acids can also be used to formulate the compositions of the present invention. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohols, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.

Formulations for topical administration of nucleic acids may include sterile and non-sterile aqueous solutions, non-aqueous solutions in common solvents such as alcohols, or solutions of the nucleic acids in liquid or solid oil biases. The solutions may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic excipients suitable for non-parenteral administration which do not deleteriously react with nucleic acids can be used.

Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohol, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.

Pulsatile Delivery

The compounds of the present invention may also be administered by pulsatile delivery. “Pulsatile delivery” refers to a pharmaceutical formulation that delivers a first pulse of drug (e.g. an antisense compound) combined with a penetration enhancer and a second pulse of penetration enhancer to promote absorption of drug which is not absorbed upon release with the first pulse of penetration enhancer.

One embodiment of the present invention is a delayed release oral formulation for enhanced intestinal drug absorption, comprising:

-   -   (a) a first population of carrier particles comprising said drug         and a penetration enhancer, wherein said drug and said         penetration enhancer are released at a first location in the         intestine; and     -   (b) a second population of carrier particles comprising a         penetration enhancer and a delayed release coating or matrix,         wherein the penetration enhancer is released at a second         location in the intestine downstream from the first location,         whereby absorption of the drug is enhanced when the drug reaches         the second location.

Alternatively, the penetration enhancer in (a) and (b) is different. This enhancement is obtained by encapsulating at least two populations of carrier particles. The first population of carrier particles comprises a biologically active substance and a penetration enhancer, and the second (and optionally additional) population of carrier particles comprises a penetration enhancer and a delayed release coating or matrix.

A “first pass effect” that applies to orally administered drugs is degradation due to the action of gastric acid and various digestive enzymes. One means of ameliorating first pass clearance effects is to increase the dose of administered drug, thereby compensating for proportion of drug lost to first pass clearance. Although this may be readily achieved with i.v. administration by, for example, simply providing more of the drug to an animal, other factors influence the bioavailability of drugs administered via non-parenteral means. For example, a drug may be enzymatically or chemically degraded in the alimentary canal or blood stream and/or may be impermeable or semipermeable to various mucosal membranes.

It is also contemplated that these pharmacutical compositons are capable of enhancing absorption of biologically active substances when administered via the rectal, vaginal, nasal or pulmonary routes. It is also contemplated that release of the biologically active substance can be achieved in any part of the gastrointestinal tract.

Liquid pharmaceutical compositions of oligonucleotide can be prepared by combining the oligonucleotide with a suitable vehicle, for example sterile pyrogen free water, or saline solution. Other therapeutic compounds may optionally be included.

The present invention also contemplates the use of solid particulate compositions. Such compositions comprise particles of oligonucleotide that are of respirable size. Such particles can be prepared by, for example, grinding dry oligonucleotide by conventional means, fore example with a mortar and pestle, and then passing the resulting powder composition through a 400 mesh screen to segregate large particles and agglomerates. A solid particulate composition comprised of an active oligonucleotide can optionally contain a dispersant which serves to facilitate the formation of an aerosol, for example lactose.

In accordance with the present invention, oligonucleotide compositions can be aerosolized. Aerosolization of liquid particles can be produced by any suitable means, such as with a nebulizer. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,501,729. Nebulizers are commercially available devices which transform solutions or suspensions into a therapeutic aerosol mist either by means of acceleration of a compressed gas, typically air or oxygen, through a narrow venturi orifice or by means of ultrasonic agitation. Suitable nebulizers include those sold by Blairex® under the name PARI LC PLUS, PARI DURA-NEB 2000, PARI-BABY Size, PARI PRONEB Compressor with LC PLUS, PARI WALKHALER Compressor/Nebulizer System, PARI LC PLUS Reusable Nebulizer, and PARI LC Jet+ ®Nebulizer.

Formulations for use in nebulizers may consist of an oligonucleotide in a liquid, such as sterile, pyragen free water, or saline solution, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises up to about 40% w/w of the formulation. The oligonucleotide can comprise less than 20% w/w. If desired, further additives such as preservatives (for example, methyl hydroxybenzoate) antioxidants, and flavoring agents can be added to the composition.

Solid particles comprising an oligonucleotide can also be aerosolized using any solid particulate medicament aerosol generator known in the art. Such aerosol generators produce respirable particles, as described above, and further produce reproducible metered dose per unit volume of aerosol. Suitable solid particulate aerosol generators include insufflators and metered dose inhalers. Metered dose inhalers are used in the art and are useful in the present invention.

Liquid or solid aerosols are produced at a rate of from about 10 to 150 liters per minute, from about 30 to 150 liters per minute, or from about 60 to 150 liters per minute.

Enhanced bioavailability of biologically active substances is also achieved via the oral administration of the compositions and methods of the present invention.

Other Components

The compositions of the present invention may additionally contain other adjunct components conventionally found in pharmaceutical compositions, at their art-established usage levels. Thus, for example, the compositions may contain additional, compatible, pharmaceutically-active materials such as, for example, antipruritics, astringents, local anesthetics or anti-inflammatory agents, or may contain additional materials useful in physically formulating various dosage forms of the compositions of the present invention, such as dyes, flavoring agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opacifiers, thickening agents and stabilizers. However, such materials, when added, should not unduly interfere with the biological activities of the components of the compositions of the present invention. The formulations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, colorings, flavorings and/or aromatic substances and the like which do not deleteriously interact with the nucleic acid(s) of the formulation.

Aqueous suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide pharmaceutical compositions containing (a) one or more antisense compounds and (b) one or more other chemotherapeutic agents which function by a non-antisense mechanism. Examples of such chemotherapeutic agents include but are not limited to daunorubicin, daunomycin, dactinomycin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, esorubicin, bleomycin, mafosfamide, ifosfamide, cytosine arabinoside, bis-chloroethylnitrosurea, busulfan, mitomycin C, actinomycin D, mithramycin, prednisone, hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, tamoxifen, dacarbazine, procarbazine, hexamethylmelamine, pentamethylmelamine, mitoxantrone, amsacrine, chlorambucil, methylcyclohexylnitrosurea, nitrogen mustards, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, 5-azacytidine, hydroxyurea, deoxycoformycin, 4-hydroxyperoxycyclophosphoramide, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FUdR), methotrexate (MTX), colchicine, taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide (VP-16), trimetrexate, irinotecan, topotecan, gemcitabine, teniposide, cisplatin and diethylstilbestrol (DES). See, generally, The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 15th Ed. 1987, pp. 1206-1228, Berkow et al., eds., Rahway, N.J. When used with the compounds of the invention, such chemotherapeutic agents may be used individually (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide), sequentially (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide for a period of time followed by MTX and oligonucleotide), or in combination with one or more other such chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., 5-FU, MTX and oligonucleotide, or 5-FU, radiotherapy and oligonucleotide). Anti-inflammatory drugs, including but not limited to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids, and antiviral drugs, including but not limited to ribivirin, vidarabine, acyclovir and ganciclovir, may also be combined in compositions of the invention. See, generally, The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 15th Ed., Berkow et al., eds., 1987, Rahway, N.J., pages 2499-2506 and 46-49, respectively). Other non-antisense chemotherapeutic agents are also within the scope of this invention. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.

In another related embodiment, compositions of the invention may contain one or more antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, targeted to a first nucleic acid and one or more additional antisense compounds targeted to a second nucleic acid target. Two or more antisense compounds may be used together or sequentially.

Dosing

The formulation of therapeutic compositions and their subsequent administration (dosing) is believed to be within the skill of those in the art. Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease state to be treated, with the course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of the disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual oligonucleotides, and can generally be estimated based on EC₅₀s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models. In general, dosage is from 0.01 μg to 100 g per kg of body weight, from 0.1 μg to 10 g per kg of body weight, from 1.0 μg to 1 g per kg of body weight, from 10.0 μg to 100 mg per kg of body weight, from 100 μg to 10 mg per kg of body weight, or from 1 mg to 5 mg per kg of body weight, and may be given once or more daily, weekly, monthly or yearly, or even once every 2 to 20 years. Persons of ordinary skill in the art can easily estimate repetition rates for dosing based on measured residence times and concentrations of the drug in bodily fluids or tissues. Following successful treatment, it may be desirable to have the patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease state, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered in maintenance doses, ranging from 0.01 μg to 100 g per kg of body weight, once or more daily, to once every 20 years.

The effects of treatments with therapeutic compositions can be assessed following collection of tissues or fluids from a patient or subject receiving said treatments. It is known in the art that a biopsy sample can be procured from certain tissues without resulting in detrimental effects to a patient or subject. In certain embodiments, a tissue and its constituent cells comprise, but are not limited to, blood (e.g., hematopoietic cells, such as human hematopoietic progenitor cells, human hematopoietic stem cells, CD34+ cells CD4+ cells), lymphocytes and other blood lineage cells, bone marrow, breast, cervix, colon, esophagus, lymph node, muscle, peripheral blood, oral mucosa and skin. In other embodiments, a fluid and its constituent cells comprise, but are not limited to, blood, urine, semen, synovial fluid, lymphatic fluid and cerebro-spinal fluid. Tissues or fluids procured from patients can be evaluated for expression levels of the target mRNA or protein. Additionally, the mRNA or protein expression levels of other genes known or suspected to be associated with the specific disease state, condition or phenotype can be assessed. mRNA levels can be measured or evaluated by real-time PCR, Northern blot, in situ hybridization or DNA array analysis. Protein levels can be measured or evaluated by ELISA, immunoblotting, quantitative protein assays, protein activity assays (for example, caspase activity assays) immunohistochemistry or immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, the effects of treatment can be assessed by measuring biomarkers associated with the disease or condition in the aforementioned tissues and fluids, collected from a patient or subject receiving treatment, by routine clinical methods known in the art. These biomarkers include but are not limited to: glucose, cholesterol, lipoproteins, triglycerides, free fatty acids and other markers of glucose and lipid metabolism; lipoprotein(a) particle and apolipoprotein B-100; liver transaminases, bilirubin, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, creatine and other markers of kidney and liver function; interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, intracellular adhesion molecules, C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation; testosterone, estrogen and other hormones; tumor markers; vitamins, minerals and electrolytes.

The present invention also provides methods of reducing target RNA levels in an animal comprising contacting the animal with a gap-disabled compound comprising a gap-disabled motif listed in Table 13 or Table 26 and wherein the gap-disabled compound comprises a nucleobase sequence substantially complementary to a portion of the target RNA. These methods may also comprise identifying an animal in need of reducing target RNA levels.

The present invention also provides methods of lowering cholesterol or triglycerides in an animal comprising contacting the animal with a gap-disabled compound comprising the gap-disabled motif 3-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-3. These methods may also comprise identifying an animal in need of lowering cholesterol or triglycerides.

The present invention also provides methods of lowering plasma leptin, glucose, or plasma insulin in an animal comprising contacting the animal with a gap-disabled compound having the gap-disabled motif 3-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-3. These methods may also comprise identifying an animal in need of lowering plasma leptin, glucose, or plasma insulin.

The present invention also provides methods of lowering body weight, fat depot weight or food intake in an animal comprising contacting the animal with a gap-disabled compound comprising the gap-disabled motif 3-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-3. These methods may also comprise identifying an animal in need of lowering body weight, fat depot weight or food intake.

The present invention also provides methods of reducing serum cholesterol, triglycerides or body weight in an obese animal comprising contacting the animal with a gap-disabled compound comprising the gap-disabled motif of 3-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-3. These methods may also comprise identifying an obese animal in need of reducing serum cholesterol, triglycerides or body weight.

In order that the invention disclosed herein may be more efficiently understood, examples are provided below. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the invention in any manner. Throughout these examples, molecular cloning reactions, and other standard recombinant DNA techniques, were carried out according to methods described in Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning—A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989), using commercially available reagents, except where otherwise noted.

EXAMPLES Examples 1-17 (Scheme I, FIGS. 1-3) Preparation of 1-(8-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-3,6-dioxa-2-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-7-yl)-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (1)

Example 1 1-(3-hydroxy-5,5,7,7-tetraisopropyl-tetrahydro-1,4,6,8-tetraoxa-5,7-disila-cyclopentacycloocten-2-yl)-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (4)

The 3′,5′-protected nucleoside is prepared as illustrated in Karpeisky, A., et. al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 1131-1134. To a solution of arabinouridine (3, 1.0 eq., 0° C.) in anhydrous pyridine is added 1,3-dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxane (1.1 eq.). The resulting solution is warmed to room temperature and stirred for two hours. The reaction mixture is subsequently quenched with methanol, concentrated to an oil, dissolved in dichloromethane, washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and evaporated. Purification by silica gel chromatography will yield Compound 4.

For the preparation of the corresponding cytidine and adenosine analogs, N⁴-benzoyl arabinocytidine and N⁶-benzoyl arabinoadenosine are used, respectively, both of which are prepared from the unprotected arabinonucleoside using the transient protection strategy as illustrated in Ti, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 1316-1319. Alternatively, the cytidine analog can also be prepared by conversion of the uridine analog as illustrated in Lin, et al., J. Med. Chem. 1983, 26, 1691.

Example 2 acetic acid 2-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl)-5,5,7,7-tetraisopropyl-tetrahydro-1,4,6,8-tetraoxa-5,7-disila-cyclopentacycloocten-3-yl ester (5)

Compound 4 is O-Acetylated using well known literature procedures (Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) edition, 1999, pp. 150-160 and references cited therein and in Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M., eds, Wiley-Interscience, New York.) Acetic anhydride (2 to 2.5 eq.) and triethylamine (4 eq.) is added to a solution of 4 (1 eq.) and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (0.1 eq.) in anhydrous pyridine. After stirring at room temperature for 1 hour the mixture is treated with methanol to quench excess acetic anhydride and evaporated. The residue is redissolved in ethyl acetate, washed extensively with aqueous NaHCO₃, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and evaporated. The compound is used without further purification.

Example 3 acetic acid 2-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-3-yl ester (6)

The Tips protecting group is removed from Compound 5 as illustrated in the literature (Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) edition, 1999, pp. 239 and references therein, Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M., eds, Wiley-Interscience, New York). To a solution of 5 (1 eq.) in anhydrous dichloromethane is added triethylamine (2 eq.) and triethylamine trihydrofluoride (2 eq.). The reaction mixture is monitored by thin layer chromatography until complete at which point the reaction mixture is diluted with additional dichloromethane, washed with aqueous NaHCO₃, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated. The resulting Compound 6 is optionally purified by silica gel chromatography.

Example 4 acetic acid 5-[bis-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methoxymethyl]-2-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-tetrahydro-furan-3-yl ester (7)

Dimethoxytritylation of Compound 6 is performed using known literature procedures. Formation of the primary 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl ether should be achieved using standard conditions (Nucleic Acids in Chemistry and Biology, 1992, pp. 108-110, Blackburn, Michael G., and Gait, Michael J., eds, IRL Press, New York.) Generally, a solution of 6 (1 eq.) and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (0.1 eq.) in anhydrous pyridine is treated with 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride (DMTCl, 1.2 eq.) and triethylamine (4 eq.). After several hours at room temperature, excess 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride is quenched with the addition of methanol and the mixture is evaporated. The mixture is dissolved in dichloromethane and washed extensively with aqueous NaHCO₃ and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. Purification by silica gel chromatography will yield Compound 7.

Example 5 acetic acid 5-[bis-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methoxymethyl]-4-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxy)-2-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl)-tetrahydro-furan-3-yl ester (8)

The preparation of tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ethers is a common, routine procedure (Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) edition, 1999, pp. 141-144 and references therein, Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M., eds, Wiley-Interscience, New York). In general, a solution of one eq. of 7 and imidazole (3.5 eq.) in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is treated with tert-butyldiphenylsilyl chloride (1.2 eq.). After stirring at room temperature for several hours, the reaction mixture is poured into ethyl acetate and washed extensively with water and saturated brine solution. The resulting organic solution is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, evaporated, and purified by silica gel chromatography to give Compound 8.

Example 6 acetic acid 4-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxy)-2-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-²H-pyrimidin-1-yl)-5-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-3-yl ester (9)

The 5′-O-DMT group is removed as per known literature procedures 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl ethers are commonly removed under acidic conditions (Oligonucleotides and analogues, A Practical Approach, Eckstein, F., ed, IRL Press, New York.) Generally, Compound 8 (1 eq.) is dissolved in 80% aqueous acetic acid. After several hours, the mixture is evaporated, dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with a sodium bicarbonate solution. Purification by silica gel chromatography will give compound 9.

Example 7 acetic acid 4-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxy)-2-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl)-5-formyl-tetrahydro-furan-3-yl ester (10)

To a mixture of trichloroacetic anhydride (1.5 eq.) and dimethylsulfoxide (2.0 eq.) in dichloromethane at −78° C. is added a solution of Compound 9 in dichloromethane. After 30 minutes, triethylamine (4.5 eq.) is added. Subsequently, the mixture is poured into ethyl acetate, washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and evaporated to dryness. The resulting material is carried into the next step without further purification. This procedure has been used to prepare the related 4′-C-∀-formyl nucleosides (Nomura, M., et. al., J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 2901-2908).

Example 8 1-[4-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxy)-3-hydroxy-5,5-bis-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-2-yl]-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (11)

Hydroxymethylation of the 5′-aldehyde is performed as per the method of Cannizzaro which is well documented in the literature (Jones, G. H., et. al., J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 1309-1317). These condisions are expected to additionally remove the 2′-O-acetyl group. Generally, Briefly, formaldehyde (2.0 eq., 37% aq.) and NaOH (1.2 eq., 2 M) is added to a solution of Compound 10 in 1,4-dioxane. After stirring at room temperature for several hours, this mixture is neutralized with acetic acid, evaporated to dryness, suspended in methanol, and evaporated onto silica gel. The resulting mixture is added to the top of a silica gel column and eluted using an appropriate solvent system to give Compound 11.

Example 9 1-[5-[bis-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methoxymethyl]-4-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxy)-3-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-2-yl]-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (12)

Preferential protection with DMT at the ∀-hydroxymethyl position is performed following a published literature procedure (Nomura, M., et. al., J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 2901-2908). Generally, a solution of Compound 11 (1 eq.) in anhydrous pyridine is treated with DMTCl (1.3 eq.), then stirred at room temperature for several hours. Subsequently, the mixture is poured into ethyl acetate, washed with water, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and evaporated. Purification by silica gel chromatography will yield Compound 12.

Example 10 1-[5-[bis-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methoxymethyl]-4-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxy)-5-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxymethyl)-3-hydroxy-tetrahydro-furan-2-yl]-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (13)

The 5′-hydroxyl positon is selectively protected with tert-butyldiphenylsilyl following published literature procedures (Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) edition, 1999, pp. 141-144 and references therein, Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M., eds, Wiley-Interscience, New York). Generally, a solution of Compound 12 (1 eq.) and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (0.2 eq.) in anhydrous dichloromethane is treated with tert-butyldiphenylsilyl chloride (1.2 eq.) and triethylamine (4 eq.). After several hours at room temperature, the reaction is quenched with methanol, poured into ethyl acetate, washed with saturated NaHCO₃, saturated brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and evaporated. Purification by silica gel chromatography will yield Compound 13.

Example 11 acetic acid 5-[bis-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methoxymethyl]-4-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxy)-5-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxymethyl)-2-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl)-tetrahydro-furan-3-yl ester (14)

Compound 14 is prepared as per the procedure illustrated in Example 2 above.

Example 12 acetic acid 4-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxy)-5-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxymethyl)-2-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl)-5-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-3-yl ester (15)

Compound 15 is prepared as per the procedure illustrated in Example 9 above.

Example 13 acetic acid 4-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxy)-5-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxymethyl)-5-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yloxymethyl)-2-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl)-tetrahydro-furan-3-yl ester (16)

The use of the Mitsunobu procedure to generate the 5′-O-phthalimido nucleosides starting with the 5′-unprotected nucleosides has been reported previously (Perbost, M., et. al., J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 5150-5156). Generally, a mixture of Compound 15 (1 eq.), triphenylphosphine (1.15 eq.), and N-hydroxyphthalimide (PhthNOH, 1.15 eq.) in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane is treated with diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD, 1.15 eq.). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for several hours until complete by thin layer chromatography. The resulting mixture is evaporated, suspended in ethyl acetate, washed with both saturated NaHCO₃ and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated. Purification by silica gel chromatography will yield Compound 16.

Example 14 1-[4-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxy)-5-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxymethyl)-3-hydroxy-5-methyleneaminooxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-2-yl]-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (17)

This transformation is performed smoothly in high yield using published procedures (Bhat, B., et. al., J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 8186-8199). Generally, a portion of Compound 16 is dissolved in dichloromethane and cooled to −10° C. To this solution is added methylhydrazine (2.5 eq.). After 1-2 hours of stirring at 0° C., the mixture is diluted with dichloromethane, washed with water and brine, dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and evaporated. The resulting residue is immediately redissolved in a 1:1 mixture of ethyl acetate:methanol, and treated with 20% (w/w) aqueous formaldehyde (1.1 eq.). After an hour at room temperature, the mixture is concentrated then purified by silica gel chromatography to give Compound 17.

Example 15 methanesulfonic acid 4-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxy)-5-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxymethyl)-2-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl)-5-methylene-aminooxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-3-yl ester (18)

The mesylation of hydroxyl groups proceeds readily under these conditions (Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) edition, 1999, pp. 150-160 and references cited therein). Briefly, to a solution of Compound 17 in a 1:1 mixture of anhydrous dichloromethane and anhydrous pyridine is added methanesulfonyl chloride (1.2 eq.). After stirring at room temperature for several hours, this mixture is quenched with methanol, concentrated, diluted with dichloromethane, washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated. Purification by silica gel chromatography will yield Compound 18.

Example 16 1-[8-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxy)-5-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxymethyl)-2-methyl-3,6-dioxa-2-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-7-yl]-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (19)

The reduction of the formaldoxime moiety is performed as per known literature procedures. Generally, a solution of Compound 18 in methanol is treated with sodium cyanoborohydride (1.5 eq.). This treatment will result in quantitative reduction of the formaldoxime moiety to yield the 4′-C-(aminooxymethyl) arabinonucleoside. The proximity of the methylated electron-rich amine to the activated 2′-O-mesylate will result in the spontaneous ring closing of this intermediate to yield bicyclic Compound 19. The reaction is monitored by thin layer chromatography until completion. The mixture is then poured into ethyl acetate, washed extensively with aqueous NaHCO₃ and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated. Purification by silica gel chromatography will yield Compound 19.

Example 17 1-(8-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-3,6-dioxa-2-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-7-yl)-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (1)

The tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ether protecting groups are readily cleaved by treatment with tetrabutylammonium fluoride (Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) edition, 1999, pp. 141-144 and references therein, Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M., eds, Wiley-Interscience, New York). Briefly, a solution of Compound 19 in a minimal amount of tetrahydrofuran (THF) is treated with a 1 M solution of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF, 5-10 eq.) in THF. After several hours at room temperature, this mixture is evaporated onto silica gel and subjected to silica gel chromatography to give Compound 1.

Alternate Sythetic Route to Compound 1, Synthesis of Guanosine Analog Examples 18-25 (Scheme II, FIGS. 4-7) Example 18 4-benzyloxy-5-benzyloxymethyl-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methoxy-tetrahydro-furan-3-ol (21)

The preparation of the protected 4′-C-hydroxymethylribofuranose, Compound 20, follows published literature procedures (Koshkin, A. A., et. al., Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 3607-3630). Compound 20 (1 eq.) is dissolved in anhydrous methanol and hydrogen chloride in an anhydrous solvent (either methanol or 1,4-dioxane) is added to give a final concentration of 5% (w/v). After stirring at room temperature for several hours, the mixture is concentrated to an oil, dried under vacuum, and used in the next step without further purification.

Example 19 2-(3-benzyloxy-2-benzyloxymethyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-tetrahydro-furan-2-ylmethoxy)-isoindole-1,3-dione (22)

The O-phthalimido compound is prepared following the reference cited and the procedures illustrated in Example 13 above. The reaction can be adjusted to preferentially react at the primary hydroxyl e.g. the 4′-C-hydroxymethyl group (Bhat, B., et. al., J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 8186-8199). Generally, a solution of 21 (1 eq.), N-hydroxyphthalimide (1.1 eq.), and triphenylphosphine (1.1 eq.) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran is treated with diethyl azodicarboxylate (1.1 eq.). After several hours at room temperature, the mixture is concentrated and subjected to silica gel chromatography to give Compound 22.

Example 20 Formaldehyde O-(3-benzyloxy-2-benzyloxymethyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-tetrahydro-furan-2-ylmethyl)-oxime (23)

Compound 23 is prepared as per the procedure illustrated in Example 14 above.

Example 21 methanesulfonic acid 4-benzyloxy-5-benzyloxymethyl-2-methoxy-5-methyleneaminooxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-3-yl ester (24)

Mesylation is achieved with inversion of configuration using Mitsunobu conditions (Anderson, N. G., et. al., J. Org Chem. 1996, 60, 7955). Generyally, a mixture of Compound 23 (1 eq.), triphenylphosphine (1.2 eq.) and methanesulfonic acid (1.2 eq.) in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane is treated with diethyl azodicarboxylate (1.2 eq.). After stirring at room temperature for several hours, the resulting mixture is concentrated and subjected to silica gel chromatography to give Compound 24.

Example 22 8-benzyloxy-5-benzyloxymethyl-7-methoxy-2-methyl-3,6-dioxa-2-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane (25)

Compound 25 is prepared as per the procedure illustrated in Example 16 above.

Example 23 acetic acid 8-benzyloxy-5-benzyloxymethyl-2-methyl-3,6-dioxa-2-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-7-yl ester (26)

Compound 25 is dissolved in 80% (v/v) aqueous acetic acid. After 1-2 hours at room temperature, the solution is concentrated, then dissolved in dichloromethane and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic portion is subsequently dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The resulting mixture is coevaporated from anhydrous pyridine, then dissolved in anhydrous pyridine and treated with acetic anhydride (2 eq.). The solution is stirred overnight, quenched with methanol, dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed extensively with saturated NaHCO₃. The organic portion is then dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated without further purification.

Example 24 1-(8-benzyloxy-5-benzyloxymethyl-2-methyl-3,6-dioxa-2-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-7-yl)-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (27)

Compound 26 is converted to one of several N-glycosides (nucleosides) using published chemistry procedures including either Vorbrüggen chemistry or one of several other methods (Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides, Volume 1, 1988, edited by Leroy B. Townsend, Plenum Press, New York). To prepare the uradinyl analog, a mixture of Compound 26 (1 eq.) and uracil (1.3 eq.) is suspended in anhydrous acetonitrile. To the suspension is added N,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-acetamide (BSA, 4 eq.). The suspension is heated to 70° C. for 1 hour, then cooled to 0° C. and treated with trimethylsilyl-trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf, 1.6 eq.). The resulting solution is heated at 55° C. until the reaction appears complete by TLC. The reaction mixture is poured into ethyl acetate and washed extensively with saturated NaHCO₃, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, evaporated, and purified by silica gel chromatography to give Compound 24.

In order to use the above preparation with nucleobases with reactive functional groups the reactive functional groups are protected prior to use. For example such protected nucleobases include naturally occurring nucleobases such as N⁴-benzoyl cytosine, N⁶-benzoyl adenine and N²-isobutyryl guanine.

Example 25 1-(8-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-3,6-dioxa-2-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-7-yl)-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (1)

To give the desired product, Compound 1 the benzyl ethers protecting groups are removed following published literature procedures (Koshkin, A. A., et. al., Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 3607-3630). Generally, the bis-O-benzylated bicyclic Compound 27 is dissolved in methanol. To this solution is added 20% Pd(OH)₂/C, and the resulting suspension is maintained under an atmosphere of H₂ at 1-2 atm pressure. This mixture is stirred at room temperature for several hours until complete by TLC, at which point the Pd(OH)₂/C is removed by filtration, and the filtrate is concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography, if necessary, to give Compound 1.

Example 26 2′-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-3′-C-styryluridine (33)

Compound 28 is treated with DMTCl, in pyridine in presence of DMAP to get 5′-DMT derivative, Compound 29. Compound 29 is treated with TBDMSCl in pyridine to which yields both the 2′ and the 3′-silyl derivative. The 3′-TBDMS derivative is isolated by silica gel flash column chromatography and further heated with phenyl chlorothionoformate and N-chlorosuccinimide in a solution of pyridine in benzene 60° C. to give Compound 31. Compound 31 is treated with β-tributylstannylstyrene and AIBN in benzene give Compound 32. Compound 32 is detritylated with dichloroacetic acid in dichloromethane give compound 33.

Example 27 1-[(1R,3R,8S)-8-[(2-cyanoethyl)bis(1-methylethyl)phosphoramidite)-3-[(4,4′-dimethoxytrityloxy)methyl]-5-methyl-2-oxo-5-azabicyclo[2.3.1]octane-5-methyl-2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione (40)

Compound 33 is treated with oxalyl chloride in DMSO in the presence of ethyl diisopropylamine to give the 5′-aldehyde which is then subjected to a tandem aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction using aqueous formaldehyde and 1 M NaOH in 1,4-dioxane to yield the diol, Compound 34. Selective silylation with TBDMSCl in pyridine and isolation of the required isomer will give Compound 35. Compound 35 is treated with methanesulfonyl chloride in pyridine to give the methane sufonyl derivative which is treated with methanolic ammonia to give compound 36. The double bond of Compound 36 is oxidatively cleaved by oxymylation go give the diol and then by cleavage of the diol with sodium periodate to give the aldehyde, Compound 37. The amino and aldehyde groups in Compound 37 are cross coupled under reductive condition followed by methylation of the amino group with formaldehyde in the presence of sodium borohydride will give the Compound 38. Treatment of Compound 38 with triethylamine trihydrofluoride and triethylamine in THF will give Compound 39. The primary alcohol of Compound 39 is selectively titylated with DMTCl in pyridine followed by phosphytilation at 8-position to give Compound 40.

Example 28 1-[(1R,3R,8S)-8-[(2-cyanoethyl)bis(1-methylethyl)phosphoramidite)-3-[(4,4′-dimethoxytrityloxy)methyl]-5-methyl-2-oxo-5-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-4-one-5-methyl-2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione (47)

Compound 35 is benzylated with benzyl bromide in DMF and sodium hydride to give Compound 41. Oxidative cleavage of Compound 41 will give an aldehyde at the 2′-position which is reduced to the corresponding alcohol using sodium borohydride in methanol to give Compound 42. Compound 42 is converted into the 3′-C-aminomethyl derivative, Compound 43 by in situ generation of the methane sulfonyl derivative and treatment with ammonia. The amino group in Compound 43 is protected with an Fmoc protecting group using Fmoc-Cl and sodium bicarbonate in aqueous dioxane to give Compound 44. Deprotection of the benzyl group is achieved with BCl₃ in dichloromethane at −78° C. followed by oxidation of the alcohol with pyridinium dichromate in DMF give the corresponding carboxylic acid. The deprotection of the Fmoc group releases the amino group at the 2′-position to give Compound 45. Compound 45 is treated with TBTU (2-(1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluroniumtetrafluoroborate) and triethylamine in DMF to yield Compound 46. Compound 46 is desilylated with triethylamine trihydrofluoride in triethylamine in THF followed by tritylation at 3 position to give the 3-trityloxymethyl derivative followed by phosphytilation at 8-position to give Compound 47. The DMT phosphoramidite bicyclic nucleoside, Compound 47 is purified by silica gel flash column chromatography.

Example 29 Synthesis of Nucleoside Phosphoramidites

The following compounds, including amidites and their intermediates were prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,426,220 and published PCT WO 02/36743; 5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-thymidine intermediate for 5-methyl dC amidite, 5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2′-deoxy-5-methylcytidine intermediate for 5-methyl-dC amidite, 5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2′-deoxy-N4-benzoyl-5-methylcytidine penultimate intermediate for 5-methyl dC amidite, [5′-O-(4,4′-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2′-deoxy-N⁴-benzoyl-5-methylcytidin-3′-O-yl]-2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (5-methyl dC amidite), 2′-Fluorodeoxy-adenosine, 2′-Fluorodeoxyguanosine, 2′-Fluorouridine, 2′-Fluorodeoxycytidine, 2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) modified amidites, 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-methyluridine intermediate, 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-methyluridine penultimate intermediate, [5′-O-(4,4′-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-methyluridin-3′-O-yl]-2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (MOE T amidite), 5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-(2-methoxy-ethyl)-5-methylcytidine intermediate, 5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-N⁴-benzoyl-5-methyl-cytidine penultimate intermediate, [5′-O-(4,4′-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-N⁴-benzoyl-5-methylcytidin-3′-O-yl]-2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (MOE 5-Me-C amidite), [5′-O-(4,4′-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-N⁶-benzoyladenosin-3′-O-yl]-2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (MOE A amdite), [5′-O-(4,4′-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-N⁴-isobutyrylguanosin-3′-O-yl]-2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (MOE G amidite), 2′-O-(Aminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites and 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites, 2′-(Dimethylaminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites, 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-O²-2′-anhydro-5-methyluridine , 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyluridine, 2′-O-([2-phthalimidoxy)ethyl]-5′-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5-methyluridine, 5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[(2-formadoximinooxy)ethyl]-5-methyluridine, 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[N,N dimethylaminooxyethyl]-5-methyluridine, 2′-O-(dimethyl-aminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine, 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine, 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(2-N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite], 2′-(Aminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites, N2-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite], 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (2′-DMAEOE) nucleoside amidites, 2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl]-5-methyl uridine, 5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)-ethyl)]-5-methyl uridine and 5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)-ethyl)]-5-methyl uridine-3′-O-(cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropyl)phosphoramidite.

Example 30 Oligonucleotide and Oligonucleoside Synthesis

The chimeric oligomeric compounds used in accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed. It is well known to use similar techniques to prepare oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives.

Oligonucleotides: Unsubstituted and substituted phosphodiester (P═O) oligonucleotides are synthesized on an automated DNA synthesizer (Applied Biosystems model 394) using standard phosphoramidite chemistry with oxidation by iodine.

Phosphorothioates (P═S) are synthesized similar to phosphodiester oligonucleotides with the following exceptions: thiation was effected by utilizing a 10% w/v solution of 3,H-1,2-benzodithiole-3-one 1,1-dioxide in acetonitrile for the oxidation of the phosphite linkages. The thiation reaction step time was increased to 180 sec and preceded by the normal capping step. After cleavage from the CPG column and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55° C. (12-16 hr), the oligonucleotides were recovered by precipitating with >3 volumes of ethanol from a 1 M NH₄OAc solution. Phosphinate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,270, herein incorporated by reference.

Alkyl phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,469,863, herein incorporated by reference.

3′-Deoxy-3′-methylene phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,610,289 or 5,625,050, herein incorporated by reference.

Phosphoramidite oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,775 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,878, herein incorporated by reference.

Alkylphosphonothioate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in published PCT applications PCT/US94/00902 and PCT/US93/06976 (published as WO 94/17093 and WO 94/02499, respectively), herein incorporated by reference.

3′-Deoxy-3′-amino phosphoramidate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,925, herein incorporated by reference.

Phosphotriester oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,243, herein incorporated by reference.

Borano phosphate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,130,302 and 5,177,198, both herein incorporated by reference.

Oligonucleosides: Methylenemethylimino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as MMI linked oligonucleosides, methylenedimethylhydrazo linked oligonucleosides, also identified as MDH linked oligonucleosides, and methylenecarbonylamino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-3 linked oligonucleosides, and methyleneaminocarbonyl linked oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-4 linked oligo-nucleosides, as well as mixed backbone oligomeric compounds having, for instance, alternating MMI and P═O or P═S linkages are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,378,825, 5,386,023, 5,489,677, 5,602,240 and 5,610,289, all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

Formacetal and thioformacetal linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,264,562 and 5,264,564, herein incorporated by reference.

Ethylene oxide linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,618, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 31 RNA Synthesis

In general, RNA synthesis chemistry is based on the selective incorporation of various protecting groups at strategic intermediary reactions. Although one of ordinary skill in the art will understand the use of protecting groups in organic synthesis, a useful class of protecting groups includes silyl ethers. In particular bulky silyl ethers are used to protect the 5′-hydroxyl in combination with an acid-labile orthoester protecting group on the 2′-hydroxyl. This set of protecting groups is then used with standard solid-phase synthesis technology. It is important to lastly remove the acid labile orthoester protecting group after all other synthetic steps. Moreover, the early use of the silyl protecting groups during synthesis ensures facile removal when desired, without undesired deprotection of 2′ hydroxyl.

Following this procedure for the sequential protection of the 5′-hydroxyl in combination with protection of the 2′-hydroxyl by protecting groups that are differentially removed and are differentially chemically labile, RNA oligonucleotides were synthesized.

RNA oligonucleotides are synthesized in a stepwise fashion. Each nucleotide is added sequentially (3′- to 5′-direction) to a solid support-bound oligonucleotide. The first nucleoside at the 3′-end of the chain is covalently attached to a solid support. The nucleotide precursor, a ribonucleoside phosphoramidite, and activator are added, coupling the second base onto the 5′-end of the first nucleoside. The support is washed and any unreacted 5′-hydroxyl groups are capped with acetic anhydride to yield 5′-acetyl moieties. The linkage is then oxidized to the more stable and ultimately desired P(V) linkage. At the end of the nucleotide addition cycle, the 5′-silyl group is cleaved with fluoride. The cycle is repeated for each subsequent nucleotide.

Following synthesis, the methyl protecting groups on the phosphates are cleaved in 30 minutes utilizing 1 M disodium-2-carbamoyl-2-cyanoethylene-1,1-dithiolate trihydrate (S₂Na₂) in DMF. The deprotection solution is washed from the solid support-bound oligonucleotide using water. The support is then treated with 40% methylamine in water for 10 minutes at 55° C. This releases the RNA oligonucleotides into solution, deprotects the exocyclic amines, and modifies the 2′-groups. The oligonucleotides can be analyzed by anion exchange HPLC at this stage.

The 2′-orthoester groups are the last protecting groups to be removed. The ethylene glycol monoacetate orthoester protecting group developed by Dharmacon Research, Inc. (Lafayette, Colo.), is one example of a useful orthoester protecting group which, has the following important properties. It is stable to the conditions of nucleoside phosphoramidite synthesis and oligonucleotide synthesis. However, after oligonucleotide synthesis the oligonucleotide is treated with methylamine which not only cleaves the oligonucleotide from the solid support but also removes the acetyl groups from the orthoesters. The resulting 2-ethyl-hydroxyl substituents on the orthoester are less electron withdrawing than the acetylated precursor. As a result, the modified orthoester becomes more labile to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. Specifically, the rate of cleavage is approximately 10 times faster after the acetyl groups are removed. Therefore, this orthoester possesses sufficient stability in order to be compatible with oligonucleotide synthesis and yet, when subsequently modified, permits deprotection to be carried out under relatively mild aqueous conditions compatible with the final RNA oligonucleotide product.

Additionally, methods of RNA synthesis are well known in the art (Scaringe, S. A. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Colorado, 1996; Scaringe, S. A., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 11820-11821; Matteucci, M. D. and Caruthers, M. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 3185-3191; Beaucage, S. L. and Caruthers, M. H. Tetrahedron Lett., 1981, 22, 1859-1862; Dahl, B. J., et al., Acta Chem. Scand,. 1990, 44, 639-641; Reddy, M. P., et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 25, 4311-4314; Wincott, F. et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 1995, 23, 2677-2684; Griffin, B. E., et al., Tetrahedron, 1967, 23, 2301-2313; Griffin, B. E., et al., Tetrahedron, 1967, 23, 2315-2331).

RNA oligomeric compounds (RNA oligonucleotides) for use in the present invention can be synthesized by the methods herein or purchased from Dharmacon Research, Inc (Lafayette, Colo.). Once synthesized, complementary RNA oligomeric compounds can then be annealed by methods known in the art to form double stranded (duplexed) oligomeric compounds. For example, duplexes can be formed by combining 30 μl of each of the complementary strands of RNA oligonucleotides (50 uM RNA oligonucleotide solution) and 15 μl of 5× annealing buffer (100 mM potassium acetate, 30 mM HEPES-KOH pH 7.4, 2 mM magnesium acetate) followed by heating for 1 minute at 90° C., then 1 hour at 37° C. The resulting duplexed oligomeric compounds can be used in kits, assays, screens, or other methods to investigate the role of a target nucleic acid.

Example 32 Synthesis of Chimeric Oligomeric Compounds

Chimeric oligomeric compounds, oligonucleosides or mixed oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides of the invention can be of several different types. These include a first type wherein the “gap” segment of linked nucleosides is positioned between 5′ and 3′ “wing” segments of linked nucleosides and a second “open end” type wherein the “gap” segment is located at either the 3′ or the 5′ terminus of the oligomeric compound. Oligonucleotides of the first type are also known in the art as “gapmers” or gapped oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides of the second type are also known in the art as “hemimers” or “wingmers”.

[2′-O-Me]-[2′-deoxy]-[2′-O-Me] Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides

Chimeric oligomeric compounds having 2′-O-alkyl phosphorothioate and 2′-deoxy phosphorothioate oligonucleotide segments are synthesized using an Applied Biosystems automated DNA synthesizer Model 394, as above. Oligonucleotides are synthesized using the automated synthesizer and 2′-deoxy-5′-dimethoxytrityl-3′-O-phosphoramidite for the DNA portion and 5′-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-methyl-3′-O-phosphoramidite for 5′ and 3′ wings. The standard synthesis cycle is modified by incorporating coupling steps with increased reaction times for the 5′-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-methyl-3′-O-phosphoramidite. The fully protected oligonucleotide is cleaved from the support and deprotected in concentrated ammonia (NH₄OH) for 12-16 hr at 55° C. The deprotected oligonucleotide is then recovered by an appropriate method (precipitation, column chromatography, volume reduced in vacuo and analyzed spetrophotometrically for yield and for purity by capillary electrophoresis and by mass spectrometry.

[2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)]-[2′-deoxy]-[2′-O-(Methoxyethyl)] Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides

[2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)]-[2′-deoxy]-[-2′-O-(methoxyethyl)] chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were prepared as per the procedure above for the 2′-O-methyl chimeric oligomeric compound, with the substitution of 2′-O-(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2′-O-methyl amidites.

[2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)Phosphodiester]-[2′-deoxy Phosphorothioate]-[2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) Phosphodiester] Chimeric Oligomeric Compounds

[2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl phosphodiester]-[2′-deoxy phosphorothioate]-[2′-O-(methoxyethyl) phosphodiester] chimeric oligomeric compounds are prepared as per the above procedure for the 2′-O-methyl chimeric oligomeric compound with the substitution of 2′-O-(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2′-O-methyl amidites, oxidation with iodine to generate the phosphodiester internucleotide linkages within the wing portions of the chimeric structures and sulfurization utilizing 3,H-1,2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) to generate the phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages for the center gap.

The above methods are also applicable to the synthesis of chimeric oligomeric compounds having multiple alternating regions such as olignucleotides having the formula: T₁-(3′-endo region)-[(2′-deoxy region)-(3′-endo region)]_(n)-T₂. The use of 2′-MOE or other nucleoside amidites will enable the preparation of a myriad of different oligonucleotides.

Other chimeric oligomeric compounds, chimeric oligonucleosides and mixed chimeric oligomeric compounds/oligonucleosides are synthesized according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,623,065, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 33 Screening of Duplexed Oligomeric Compounds of the Invention

In accordance with the present invention, nucleic acid duplexes comprising the oligonucleotides of the invention and their complements are tested for their ability to modulate the expression of the nucleic acid molecule to which they are targeted. The desired RNA strand(s) of the duplex can be synthesized by methods disclosed herein or purchased from various RNA synthesis companies such as for example Dharmacon Research Inc., (Lafayette, Colo.). Once synthesized, the complementary strands are annealed. The single strands are aliquoted and diluted to a concentration of 50 uM. Once diluted, 30 uL of each strand is combined with 15 uL of a 5× solution of annealing buffer. The final concentration of the buffer is 100 mM potassium acetate, 30 mM HEPES-KOH pH 7.4, and 2 mM magnesium acetate. The final volume is 75 uL. This solution is incubated for 1 minute at 90° C. and then centrifuged for 15 seconds. The tube is allowed to sit for 1 hour at 37° C. at which time the dsRNA duplexes are used in experimentation. The final concentration of the dsRNA compound is 20 uM. This solution can be stored frozen (−20° C.) and freeze-thawed up to 5 times.

Once prepared, the desired synthetic duplexes are evaluated for their ability to modulate target expression. When cells reach approximately 60-80% confluency, they are treated with synthetic duplexes comprising at least one oligomeric compound of the invention. The duplexes are mixed with LIPOFECTIN™ (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) in 1 mL of Opti-MEM™-1 reduced serum medium (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) to achieve the desired final concentration of duplex. This transfection mixture was incubated at room temperature for approximately 0.5 hours. The final concentration of duplex ranges from 10 to 200 nM. LIPOFECTIN™ is used at a concentration of 5 or 6 μg/mL LIPOFECTIN™ per 200 nM of duplex. For cells grown in 96-well plates, wells were washed once with 100 μL OPTI-MEM™-1 and then treated with 130 μL of the transfection mixutre. Cells grown in 24-well plates or other standard tissue culture plates are treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide. Cells are treated and data are obtained in duplicate or triplicate. After approximately 4-7 hours of treatment at 37° C., the medium containing the transfection mixture was replaced with fresh medium. Cells were harvested 16-24 hours after oligonucleotide treatment, at which time RNA is isolated and target reduction is measured by real-time PCR or Northern blot.

Example 34 Oligonucleotide Isolation

After cleavage from the controlled pore glass solid support and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55° C. for 12-16 hours, the oligonucleotides or oligonucleosides are recovered by precipitation out of 1 M NH₄OAc with >3 volumes of ethanol. Synthesized oligonucleotides were analyzed by electrospray mass spectroscopy (molecular weight determination) and by capillary gel electrophoresis and judged to be at least 70% full length material. The relative amounts of phosphorothioate and phosphodiester linkages obtained in the synthesis was determined by the ratio of correct molecular weight relative to the −16 amu product (±32 ±48). For some studies oligonucleotides were purified by HPLC, as described by Chiang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266, 18162-18171. Results obtained with HPLC-purified material were similar to those obtained with non-HPLC purified material.

Example 35 Oligonucleotide Synthesis—96 Well Plate Format

Oligonucleotides were synthesized via solid phase P(III) phosphoramidite chemistry on an automated synthesizer capable of assembling 96 sequences simultaneously in a 96-well format. Phosphodiester internucleotide linkages were afforded by oxidation with aqueous iodine. Phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages were generated by sulfurization utilizing 3,H-1,2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) in anhydrous acetonitrile. Standard base-protected beta-cyanoethyl-diiso-propyl phosphoramidites were purchased from commercial vendors (e.g. PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., or Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.). Non-standard nucleosides are synthesized as per standard or patented methods. They are utilized as base protected beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites.

Oligonucleotides were cleaved from support and deprotected with concentrated NH₄OH at elevated temperature (55-60° C.) for 12-16 hours and the released product then dried in vacuo. The dried product was then re-suspended in sterile water to afford a master plate from which all analytical and test plate samples are then diluted utilizing robotic pipettors.

Example 36 Oligonucleotide Analysis—96-Well Plate Format

The concentration of oligonucleotide in each well was assessed by dilution of samples and UV absorption spectroscopy. The full-length integrity of the individual products was evaluated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in either the 96-well format (Beckman P/ACE™ MDQ) or, for individually prepared samples, on a commercial CE apparatus (e.g., Beckman P/ACE™ 5000, ABI 270). Base and backbone-composition was confirmed by mass analysis of the oligomeric compounds utilizing electrospray-mass spectroscopy. All assay test plates were diluted from the master plate using single and multi-channel robotic pipettors. Plates were judged to be acceptable if at least 85% of the oligomeric compounds on the plate were at least 85% full length.

Example 37 Cell Culture and Oligonucleotide Treatment

The effect of chimeric oligomeric compounds on target nucleic acid expression can be tested in any of a variety of cell types provided that the target nucleic acid is present at measurable levels. This can be routinely determined using, for example, PCR or Northern blot analysis. The following cell types are provided for illustrative purposes, but other cell types can be routinely used, provided that the target is expressed in the cell type chosen. This can be readily determined by methods routine in the art, for example Northern blot analysis, ribonuclease protection assays, or real-time PCR.

T-24 Cells:

The human transitional cell bladder carcinoma cell line T-24 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.). T-24 cells were routinely cultured in complete McCoy's 5A basal media (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.), 100 units per mL penicillin and 100 micrograms per mL streptomycin (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached approximately 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) at a density of approximately 4000-6000 cells/well for use in oligomeric compound transfection experiments.

A549 Cells:

The human lung carcinoma cell line A549 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va.). A549 cells were routinely cultured in DMEM, high glucose (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 units per ml penicillin, and 100 micrograms per ml streptomycin (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached approximately 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) at a density of approximately 5000 cells/well for use in oligomeric compound transfection experiments.

NHDF Cells:

Human neonatal dermal fibroblast (NHDF) were obtained from the Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville, Md.). NHDFs were routinely maintained in Fibroblast Growth Medium (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville, Md.) supplemented as recommended by the supplier. Cells were maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by the supplier.

HEK Cells:

Human embryonic keratinocytes (HEK) were obtained from the Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville, Md.). HEKs were routinely maintained in Keratinocyte Growth Medium (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville, Md.) formulated as recommended by the supplier. Cells were routinely maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by the supplier.

HeLa Cells:

The human epitheloid carcinoma cell line HeLa was obtained from the American Tissue Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va.). HeLa cells were routinely cultured in DMEM, high glucose (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached approximately 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 24-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353846, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) at a density of 50,000 cells/well or in 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) at a density of 5,000 cells/well for use in oligomeric compound transfection experiments. For Northern blotting or other analyses, cells were harvested when they reached approximately 90% confluence.

NIH3T3 Cells:

The mouse embryo-derived NIH3T3 cell line was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va.). NIH3T3 cells were routinely cultured in DMEM, high glucose (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.), 100 μg/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 80% confluencey. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) at a density of 3000 cells/well for use in oligomeric compound transfection experiments.

b.END Cells:

The mouse brain endothelial cell line b.END was obtained from Dr. Werner Risau at the Max Plank Institute (Bad Nauheim, Germany). b.END cells were routinely cultured in DMEM, high glucose (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached approximately 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #3872) at a density of approximately 3000 cells/well for use in oligomeric compound transfection experiments.

Primary Mouse Hepatocytes:

Primary mouse hepatocytes were prepared from CD-1 mice purchased from Charles River Labs. Primary mouse hepatocytes were routinely cultured in Hepatocyte Attachment Media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum , 1% penicillin/streptomycin, 1% antibiotic-antimycotic (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) and 10 nM bovine insulin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.). Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #3872) coated with 0.1 mg/ml collagen at a density of approximately 10,000 cells/well for use in oligomeric compound transfection experiments.

Primary Rat Hepatocytes:

Primary rat hepatocytes are prepared from Sprague-Dawley rats purchased from Charles River Labs (Wilmington, Mass.) and are routinely cultured in DMEM, high glucose (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.), 100 units per mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells are seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) at a density of 4000-6000 cells/well for use in oligomeric compound transfection experiments.

MH-S Cells:

The mouse alveolar macrophage cell line was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va.). MH-S cells were cultured in RPMI Medium 1640 with L-glutamine (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1 mM sodium pyruvate and 10 mM HEPES ( all supplements from Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 70-80% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353047, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) at a density of 6500 cells/well for for use in oligomeric compound transfection experiments.

Treatment with Oligomeric Compounds:

When cells reached approximately 65-90% confluency, they were treated with oligomeric compound. Oligomeric compounds were mixed with LIPOFECTIN™ (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) in 1 mL of Opti-MEM™-1 reduced serum medium (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) to achieve the desired concentration of oligomeric compound. The concentration of oligomeric compound used herein ranges from 5 to 300 nM. This transfection mixture was incubated at room temperature for approximately 0.5 hours. LIPOFECTIN™ is used at a concentration of 2.5 or 3 μg/mL LIPOFECTIN™ per 100 nM oligomeric compound. For cells grown in 96-well plates, wells were washed once with 100 μL OPTI-MEM™-1 and then treated with 130 μL of the transfection mixutre. Cells grown in 24-well plates or other standard tissue culture plates are treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide. Cells are treated and data are obtained in duplicate or triplicate. After approximately 4-7 hours of treatment at 37° C., the medium containing the transfection mixture was replaced with fresh medium. Cells were harvested 16-24 hours after oligonucleotide treatment, at which time RNA was isolated and target expression was measured by real-time PCR.

The concentration of oligonucleotide used varies from cell line to cell line. To determine the optimal oligonucleotide concentration for a particular cell line, the cells are treated with a positive control oligonucleotide at a range of concentrations. For human cells the positive control oligonucleotide is selected from either ISIS 13920 (TCCGTCATCGCTCCTCAGGG, SEQ ID NO: 7) which is targeted to human H-ras, or ISIS 18078 (GTGCGCGCGAGCCCGAAATC, SEQ ID NO: 8) which is targeted to human Jun-N-terminal kinase-2 (JNK2). Both controls are chimeric oligomeric compounds composed of a central “gap” segment comprising 2′-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′) by “wing” segments comprising 2′-O-methoxyethyl nucleotides (2′-O-methoxyethyls shown in emboldened, underlined type). Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate throughout both compounds. All cytosine residues in the wing segments are 5-methylcytosines. For mouse or rat cells the positive control oligonucleotide is ISIS 15770 (ATGCATTCTGCCCCCAAGGA, SEQ ID NO: 9) is targeted to both mouse and rat C-raf. ISIS 15770 is a chimeric oligomeric compound composed of a central “gap” segment comprising 2′-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′) by “wing” segments comprising 2′-O-methoxyethyl nucleotides (2′-O-methoxyethyls shown in emboldened, underlined type). Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate throughout the compound. The cytosine residue in the 5′ wing segment is a 5-methylcytosine. The concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 80% inhibition of c-H-ras (for ISIS 13920), JNK2 (for ISIS 18078) or C-raf (for ISIS 15770) mRNA is then utilized as the screening concentration for new oligonucleotides in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 80% inhibition is not achieved, the lowest concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 60% inhibition of c-H-ras, JNK2 or C-raf mRNA is then utilized as the oligonucleotide screening concentration in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 60% inhibition is not achieved, that particular cell line is deemed as unsuitable for oligonucleotide transfection experiments. The concentrations of antisense oligonucleotides used herein are from 50 nM to300 nM.

Example 38 Analysis of Oligonucleotide Inhibition of a Target Expression

Antisense modulation of a target expression can be assayed in a variety of ways known in the art. For example, a target mRNA levels can be quantitated by, e.g., Northern blot analysis, competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or real-time PCR. Real-time quantitative PCR is presently preferred. RNA analysis can be performed on total cellular RNA or poly(A)+ mRNA. One method of RNA analysis of the present invention is the use of total cellular RNA as described in other examples herein. Methods of RNA isolation are well known in the art. Northern blot analysis is also routine in the art. Quantitative real-time PCR can be conveniently accomplished using the commercially available ABI PRISM™ 7600, 7700, or 7900 Sequence Detection System, available from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif. and used according to manufacturer's instructions.

Protein levels of a target can be quantitated in a variety of ways well known in the art, such as immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis (immunoblotting), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Antibodies directed to a target can be identified and obtained from a variety of sources, such as the MSRS catalog of antibodies (Aerie Corporation, Birmingham, Mich.), or can be prepared via conventional monoclonal or polyclonal antibody generation methods well known in the art.

Example 39 Design of Phenotypic Assays for the Use of Target Inhibitors

Once a target inhibitors have been identified by the methods disclosed herein, the oligomeric compounds are further investigated in one or more phenotypic assays, each having measurable endpoints predictive of efficacy in the treatment of a particular disease state or condition.

Phenotypic assays, kits and reagents for their use are well known to those skilled in the art and are herein used to investigate the role and/or association of a target in health and disease. Representative phenotypic assays, which can be purchased from any one of several commercial vendors, include those for determining cell viability, cytotoxicity, proliferation or cell survival (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.; PerkinElmer, Boston, Mass.), protein-based assays including enzymatic assays (Panvera, LLC, Madison, Wisc.; BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, N.J.; Oncogene Research Products, San Diego, Calif.), cell regulation, signal transduction, inflammation, oxidative processes and apoptosis (Assay Designs Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich.), triglyceride accumulation (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.), angiogenesis assays, tube formation assays, cytokine and hormone assays and metabolic assays (Chemicon International Inc., Temecula, Calif.; Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.).

In one non-limiting example, cells determined to be appropriate for a particular phenotypic assay (i.e., MCF-7 cells selected for breast cancer studies; adipocytes for obesity studies) are treated with a target inhibitors identified from the in vitro studies as well as control compounds at optimal concentrations which are determined by the methods described above. At the end of the treatment period, treated and untreated cells are analyzed by one or more methods specific for the assay to determine phenotypic outcomes and endpoints.

Phenotypic endpoints include changes in cell morphology over time or treatment dose as well as changes in levels of cellular components such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, hormones, saccharides or metals. Measurements of cellular status which include pH, stage of the cell cycle, intake or excretion of biological indicators by the cell, are also endpoints of interest.

Measurement of the expression of one or more of the genes of the cell after treatment is also used as an indicator of the efficacy or potency of the target inhibitors. Hallmark genes, or those genes suspected to be associated with a specific disease state, condition, or phenotype, are measured in both treated and untreated cells.

Example 40 RNA Isolation Poly(A)+ mRNA Isolation

Poly(A)+ mRNA was isolated according to Miura et al., (Clin. Chem., 1996, 42, 1758-1764). Other methods for poly(A)+ mRNA isolation are routine in the art. Briefly, for cells grown on 96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each well was washed with 200 μL cold PBS. 60 μL lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5% NP-40, 20 mM vanadyl-ribonucleoside complex) was added to each well, the plate was gently agitated and then incubated at room temperature for five minutes. 55 μL of lysate was transferred to Oligo d(T) coated 96-well plates (AGCT Inc., Irvine Calif.). Plates were incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature, washed 3 times with 200 μL of wash buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 0.3 M NaCl). After the final wash, the plate was blotted on paper towels to remove excess wash buffer and then air-dried for 5 minutes. 60 μL of elution buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6), preheated to 70° C., was added to each well, the plate was incubated on a 90° C. hot plate for 5 minutes, and the eluate was then transferred to a fresh 96-well plate.

Cells grown on 100 mm or other standard plates may be treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of all solutions.

Total RNA Isolation

Total RNA was isolated using an RNEASY 96™ kit and buffers purchased from Qiagen Inc. (Valencia, Calif.) following the manufacturer's recommended procedures. Briefly, for cells grown on 96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each well was washed with 200 μL cold PBS. 150 μL Buffer RLT was added to each well and the plate vigorously agitated for 20 seconds. 150 μL of 70% ethanol was then added to each well and the contents mixed by pipetting three times up and down. The samples were then transferred to the RNEASY 96™ well plate attached to a QIAVAC™ manifold fitted with a waste collection tray and attached to a vacuum source. Vacuum was applied for 1 minute. 500 μL of Buffer RW1 was added to each well of the RNEASY 96™ plate and incubated for 15 minutes and the vacuum was again applied for 1 minute. An additional 500 μL of Buffer RW1 was added to each well of the RNEASY 96™ plate and the vacuum was applied for 2 minutes. 1 mL of Buffer RPE was then added to each well of the RNEASY 96™ plate and the vacuum applied for a period of 90 seconds. The Buffer RPE wash was then repeated and the vacuum was applied for an additional 3 minutes. The plate was then removed from the QIAVAC™ manifold and blotted dry on paper towels. The plate was then re-attached to the QIAVAC™ manifold fitted with a collection tube rack containing 1.2 mL collection tubes. RNA was then eluted by pipetting 140 μL of RNAse free water into each well, incubating 1 minute, and then applying the vacuum for 3 minutes.

The repetitive pipetting and elution steps may be automated using a QIAGEN Bio-Robot 9604 (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia Calif.). Essentially, after lysing of the cells on the culture plate, the plate is transferred to the robot deck where the pipetting, DNase treatment and elution steps are carried out.

Example 41 Real-Time Quantitative PCR Analysis of a Target mRNA Levels

Quantitation of a target mRNA levels was accomplished by real-time quantitative PCR using the ABI PRISM™ 7600, 7700, or 7900 Sequence Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) according to manufacturer's instructions. This is a closed-tube, non-gel-based, fluorescence detection system which allows high-throughput quantitation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products in real-time. As opposed to standard PCR in which amplification products are quantitated after the PCR is completed, products in real-time PCR are quantitated as they accumulate. This is accomplished by including in the PCR reaction an oligonucleotide probe that anneals specifically between the forward and reverse PCR primers, and contains two fluorescent dyes. A reporter dye (e.g., FAM or JOE, obtained from either PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa) is attached to the 5′ end of the probe and a quencher dye (e.g., TAMRA, obtained from either PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa) is attached to the 3′ end of the probe. When the probe and dyes are intact, reporter dye emission is quenched by the proximity of the 3′ quencher dye. During amplification, annealing of the probe to the target sequence creates a substrate that can be cleaved by the 5′-exonuclease activity of Taq polymerase. During the extension phase of the PCR amplification cycle, cleavage of the probe by Taq polymerase releases the reporter dye from the remainder of the probe (and hence from the quencher moiety) and a sequence-specific fluorescent signal is generated. With each cycle, additional reporter dye molecules are cleaved from their respective probes, and the fluorescence intensity is monitored at regular intervals by laser optics built into the ABI PRISM™ Sequence Detection System. In each assay, a series of parallel reactions containing serial dilutions of mRNA from untreated control samples generates a standard curve that is used to quantitate the percent inhibition after antisense oligonucleotide treatment of test samples.

Prior to quantitative PCR analysis, primer-probe sets specific to the target gene being measured are evaluated for their ability to be “multiplexed” with a GAPDH amplification reaction. In multiplexing, both the target gene and the internal standard gene GAPDH are amplified concurrently in a single sample. In this analysis, mRNA isolated from untreated cells is serially diluted. Each dilution is amplified in the presence of primer-probe sets specific for GAPDH only, target gene only (“single-plexing”), or both (multiplexing). Following PCR amplification, standard curves of GAPDH and target mRNA signal as a function of dilution are generated from both the single-plexed and multiplexed samples. If both the slope and correlation coefficient of the GAPDH and target signals generated from the multiplexed samples fall within 10% of their corresponding values generated from the single-plexed samples, the primer-probe set specific for that target is deemed multiplexable. Other methods of PCR are also known in the art.

Gene target quantities are obtained by real-time PCR. Prior to the real-time PCR, isolated RNA is subjected to a reverse transcriptase (RT) reaction, for the purpose of generating complementary DNA (cDNA). Reverse transcriptase and PCR reagents were obtained from Invitrogen Corporation (Carlsbad, Calif.). RT, real-time PCR reactions were carried out by adding 20 μL PCR cocktail (2.5×PCR buffer minus MgCl₂, 6.6 mM MgCl₂, 375 μM each of dATP, dCTP, dCTP and dGTP, 375 nM each of forward primer and reverse primer, 125 nM of probe, 4 Units RNAse inhibitor, 1.25 Units PLATINUM® Taq, 5 Units MuLV reverse transcriptase, and 2.5×ROX dye) to 96-well plates containing 30 μL total RNA solution (20-200 ng). The RT reaction was carried out by incubation for 30 minutes at 48° C. Following a 10 minute incubation at 95° C. to activate the PLATINUM® Taq, 40 cycles of a two-step PCR protocol were carried out: 95° C. for 15 seconds (denaturation) followed by 60° C. for 1.5 minutes (annealing/extension).

Gene target quantities obtained by real-time PCR are normalized using either the expression level of GAPDH or cyclophilin A, genes whose expression levels are constant, or by quantifying total RNA. GAPDH expression is quantified by real-time PCR, by being run simultaneously with the target, multiplexing, or separately. Total RNA is quantified using RiboGreen™ RNA quantification reagent (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, Oreg.). Methods of RNA quantification by RiboGreen™ are taught in Jones, L. J., et al, (Analytical Biochemistry, 1998, 265, 368-374).

In this assay, 170 μL of RiboGreen™ working reagent (RiboGreen™ reagent diluted 1:350 in 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) is pipetted into a 96-well plate containing 30 μL purified, cellular RNA. The plate is read in a CytoFluor 4000 (PE Applied Biosystems) with excitation at 485 nm and emission at 530 nm.

Primers and probes used in real-time PCR are designed with the aid of computer software, for example, Primer Express® Software (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif.), using publicly available sequence information. It is understood that one of skill in the art will readily be able to design such primers and probes.

Example 42 Northern Blot Analysis of a Target mRNA Levels

Eighteen hours after antisense treatment, cell monolayers were washed twice with cold PBS and lysed in 1 mL RNAZOL™ (TEL-TEST “B” Inc., Friendswood, Tex.). Total RNA was prepared following manufacturer's recommended protocols. Twenty micrograms of total RNA was fractionated by electrophoresis through 1.2% agarose gels containing 1.1% formaldehyde using a MOPS buffer system (AMRESCO, Inc. Solon, Ohio). RNA was transferred from the gel to HYBOND™-N+ nylon membranes (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.) by overnight capillary transfer using a Northern/Southern Transfer buffer system (TEL-TEST “B” Inc., Friendswood, Tex.). RNA transfer was confirmed by UV visualization. Membranes were fixed by UV cross-linking using a STRATALINKER™ UV Crosslinker 2400 (Stratagene, Inc, La Jolla, Calif.) and then probed using QUICKHYB™ hybridization solution (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) using manufacturer's recommendations for stringent conditions.

To detect human a target, a human target-specific probe is prepared by PCR. To normalize for variations in loading and transfer efficiency membranes are stripped and probed for human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) RNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.).

Hybridized membranes were visualized and quantitated using a PhosphorImager™ and IMAGEQUANT™ Software V3.3 (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.). Data was normalized to GAPDH levels in untreated controls.

Example 43 Western Blot Analysis of a Target Protein Levels

Western blot analysis (immunoblot analysis) is carried out using standard methods. Cells are harvested 16-20 h after oligonucleotide treatment, washed once with PBS, suspended in Laemmli buffer (100 ul/well), boiled for 5 minutes and loaded on a 16% SDS-PAGE gel. Gels are run for 1.5 hours at 150 V, and transferred to membrane for western blotting. Appropriate primary antibody directed to a target is used, with a radiolabeled or fluorescently labeled secondary antibody directed against the primary antibody species. Bands are visualized using a PhosphorImager™ (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale Calif.).

Example 44 Gene Target Sequences

In accordance with the present invention, a series of oligomeric compounds was designed to hybridize to different regions of target genes or targets. Presented in Table 12 are the target genes, as well as the corresponding sequences, identified by GenBank® accession number, used to design the oligomeric compounds of the invention and other compounds described herein. “Gene symbol” indicates the name used to herein to describe the target nucleic acid molecule, and “Gene Name” indicates an additional name by which the gene target is known. TABLE 12 Gene target sequences SEQ Gene GenBank ® ID Symbol Gene Name Accession # NO CD86 CD86 S70108.1 10 DGAT2 Diacylglycerol AK002443.1 11 Acyltransferase 2 FAS Fatty Acid Synthase AF127033.1 12 FAS Fatty Acid Synthase X62889.1 13 FACL2 Fatty-Acid-Coenzyme NM_007981.1 14 A Ligase, Long-Chain 2 GCGR Glucagon Receptor NM_000160.1 15 GCGR Glucagon Receptor NM_008101.1 16 HSL Hormone-Sensitive U08188.1 17 Lipase HSD11 Hydroxysteroid 11-Beta X83202.1 18 Dehydrogenase 1 JNK1 Jun N-Terminal L26318.1 19 Kinase - 1 PP2A- Protein Phosphatase 2 NM_002715.1 20 alpha Catalytic Subunit Alpha PTEN Phosphatase And Tensin U92436.1 21 Homologue PTP1B Protein Tyrosine M33962.1 22 Phosphatase 1b NaDC1 Solute Carrier Family AF201903.1 23 13 (Sodium-Dependent Dicarboxylate Transporter), Member 2 SCD1 Stearoyl-Coenzyme A 1850_038A 24 Desaturase 1 Survivin Survivin U75285.1 25 Survivin Survivin AA717921.1 26 Survivin Survivin AB013819.1 27 TRADD Tumor Necrosis Factor L41690.1 28 Receptor Associated Death Domain C-raf Raf kinase C X03484.1 29 C-raf Raf kinase C assembled from 30 AC026153.10 and AC018500.2 SRC-2 steroid receptor U39060.1 31 coactivator 2 SRC-2 steroid receptor complement of 32 coactivator 2 nucleotides 10220000 to 10460000 of NW_000149.1 SRC-2 steroid receptor AK028964.1 33 coactivator 2

Example 45 Chimeric Oligomeric Compounds Having Alternating 3′-Endo and 2′-Endo Regions

In one embodiment of the invention, the target sequences presented in Table 12 were used as targets to which oligomeric compounds were designed. These compounds have regions of nucleosides that are “RNA-like”, having northern or 3′-endo conformational geometry (3′-endo regions), and regions of nucleosides that are “DNA-like”, having southern or C2′-endo/O4′-endo conformational geometry. Each of the regions ranges from 1 to 8 nucleosides in length. The motif of each oligomeric compound is illustrated in Table 13, where 3′-endo regions are indicated by bold, underlined type, or by italicized, underlined type in the case of ISIS 199043, and 2′-endo regions are indicated by plain type. The number corresponding to each region represents the number of base pairs for that particular region. The motif further indicates the total number of regions in the compound, for example, a compound having the motif “3-3-1-2-1-2-1-3-4” has a total of 9 regions, with each region ranging from 1 to 4 nucleotides. In the compounds shown in Table 13, the 3′-endo regions shown in bold, underlined type comprise 2′-O-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) nucleotides; the 3′-endo regions in italicized, underlined type comprise 2′-O-methyl nucleotides; and the 2′-endo regions comprise 2′-deoxynucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate throughout all compound in Table 13, except where an asterisk “*” is present to indicate a phosphodiester internucleoside linkage. All cytosines are 5-methylcytosines, unless otherwise indicated by a superscript “U” preceding the nucleobase, for example, ^(u)C, which a natural or unmodified cytosine.

The nucleic acid molecule to which each compound is targeted is indicated by SEQ ID NO. “Target site” indicates the first (5′-most) nucleotide number on the particular target nucleic acid to which the compound binds. Where present, “NA” indicates that “Target SEQ ID No.” and “Target site” do not apply to a particular oligomeric compound due to its lack of perfect complementarity to any known gene (i.e., it is a mismatched oligomeric compound).

The chimeric oligomeric compounds of the invention, comprising at least 5 regions that alternate between 3′-endo regions and 2′-endo regions, are herein referred to as “gap-disabled” oligomeric compounds. Also described herein are “gapmers”, chimeric oligomeric compounds having 3 regions, where one 2′-endo region comprised of 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′ directions) by a 3′-endo region. TABLE 13 Oligomeric compounds TARGET SEQ ID TARGET SEQ ID ISIS # NO SITE SEQUENCE MOTIF NO 113715 22 980 GCTCC TTCCACTGAT CCTGC 5 -10- 5 45 114905 26 296 GTTGG TCTCCTTTGC CTGGA 5 -10- 5 49 116847 21 2097 CTGCT AGCCTCTGGA TTTGA 5 -10- 5 42 118929 20 1492 TCTAC AGTCATGCTG AGTAA 5 -10- 5 53 121874 10 289 TCAAG TTTCTCTGTG CCCAA 5 -10- 5 51 121875 10 335 GTTCC TGTCAAAGCT CGTGC 5 -10- 5 48 126965 17 2263 CCAGG GCTGCCTCA GACACA 5 -10- 5 39 129605 NA NA CCTGC TCCCTCTAAT GCTGC 5 -10- 5 63 129686 NA NA CGTTA TTAACCTCCG TTGAA 5 -10- 5 65 131906 NA NA TCAAG TCCTTCCACA CCCAA 5 -10- 5 70 141923 NA NA CCTTC CCTGAAGGTT CCTCC 5 -10- 5 64 146038 18 1107 TTCTC ATGATGAGGT GTACC 5 -10- 5 58 146039 18 1119 TGTTG CAAGAATTTC TCATG 5 -10- 5 56 148529 12 630 TTCAT GAACTGCACA GAGGT 5 -10- 5 57 148548 12 2238 TTGTT GACATTGTAC TCGGC 5 -10- 5 59 166659 22 980 GCT CCT T CC A CT G ATC CTGC 3 -3- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -3- 4 45 180475 16 1348 GAGCT TTGCCTTCTT GCCAT 5 -10- 5 43 189525 NA NA ^(u) C ^(u) CTG ^(u) CT^(u)C^(u)C^(u)CT^(u)CTAAT G ^(u) CTG ^(u) C 5 -10- 5 63 194563 NA NA CC T G CT C C C T C T A A T GCT GC 2 -1- 1 -2- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -3- 2 63 199041 NA NA CCTGCTCCCTCTAATGCTGC Uniform 2′-MOE 63 199042 NA NA CCTGC TC C CT C TA A T GCTGC 5 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -1- 5 63 199043 NA NA CCTGCTCCCTCTAATGCTGC Uniform 2′-deoxy 63 199044 NA NA CCTGC TCCCTCTAAT GCTGC 5-10-5 63 199046 NA NA C*C*T*G*C TCCCTCTAAT G*C*T*G*C 5 -10- 5 63 199047 NA NA CCTGA TCCCTCTAAT GATGC 5 -10- 5 61 199048 NA NA CCTGC TCACTCTAAT GCTGC 5 -10- 5 62 217352 11 1424 ATGCA CTCAAGAACT CGGTA 5 -10- 5 35 217376 11 2230 TCCAT TTATTAGTCT AGGAA 5 -10- 5 52 244504 24 1329 GTGTT TCTGAGAACT TGTGG 5 -10- 5 47 244541 24 1435 ATGTC CAGTTTTCCG CCCTT 5 -10- 5 36 249375 23 846 GGACC TGTAGCCATA GCCAA 5 -10- 5 46 249386 23 1021 CTCGT GAACCAGAGC ACCAC 5 -10- 5 41 256899 13 12343 TTGTT GACGTTGTAC TCAGC 5 -10- 5 60 283586 22 980 GCTCCTTCCACTGATCCTGC Uniform 2′-MOE 45 284346 NA NA CTTCT AGCCTCTGGA TTGGA 5 -10- 5 66 291452 14 214 TCAAG GACTGCTGAT CTTCG 5 -10- 5 50 298682 NA NA GCGAT TTCCCGTTTT CACCT 5 -10- 5 67 298683 16 1348 GAGCTTTGCCTTCTTGCCAT Uniform 2′-MOE 43 298683 16 1348 GAGCTTTGCCTTCTTGCCAT Uniform 2′-MOE 43 299228 25 12665 TG TG C TAT T CT G TGA ATT 2 -2- 1 -3- 1 -2- 1 -3- 3 55 299229 25 12665 TGT GCT A TT C TGT G AA TT 3 -3- 1 -2- 1 -3- 1 -2- 2 55 299230 27 856 AAC CA C ACT T AC C CAT GGGC 3 -2- 1 -3- 1 -2- 1 -3- 4 34 299231 26 296 GTT GG T CTC C TT T GCC TGGA 3 -2- 1 -3- 1 -2- 1 -3- 4 49 299232 27 303 TGT CA T CGG G TT C CCA GCCT 3 -2- 1 -3- 1 -2- 1 -3- 4 54 300861 16 1348 GAG CT T TGC C TTC T TGC CAT 3 -2- 1 -3- 1 -3- 1 -3- 3 43 303767 NA NA GTTCG TGTTCTCTGG CTCGA 5 -10- 5 68 304170 13 12343 TTG TT G AC G TT G TA C TC AGC 3 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 3 60 304171 12 2238 TTG TT G AC A TT G TA C TC GGC 3 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 3 59 306058 10 289 TCA AG T TT C TCT G TG C C CAA 3 -2- 1 -2- 1 -3- 1 -2- 1 -1- 3 51 307754 19 341 ATTTG CATCCATGAG CTCCA 5 -10- 5 37 310456 15 500 CAGGA GATGTTGGCC GTGGT 5 -10- 5 38 310457 15 532 GCACT TTGTGGTGCC AAGGC 5 -10- 5 44 310514 11 1424 ATG CA C TC A AG A AC T CG GTA 3 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 3 35 310515 11 2230 TCC AT T TA T TA G TC T AG GAA 3 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 3 52 310516 18 1107 TTC TC A TG A TG A GG T GT ACC 3 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 3 58 310517 18 1119 TGT TG C AA G AA T TT C TC ATG 3 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 3 56 312837 23 846 GGA CC T GT A GC C AT A GC CAA 3 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 3 46 312844 24 1329 GTG TT T CT G AG A AC T TG TGG 3 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 3 47 319162 14 214 TCA AG G AC T GC T GA T CT TCG 3 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 3 50 319237 NA NA TTGTT AACGGTGTTC TCAGC 5 -10- 5 71 319238 NA NA TTTGT AACGGTGTTC ACTGA 5 -10- 5 72 319239 12 630 TTC AT G AA C TG C AC A GA GGT 3 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 3 57 319240 NA NA TACTT GACCTACAGA GTGGA 5 -10- 5 69 330693 17 2263 CC A G GG C T G C C T C A G ACA CA 2 -1- 1 -2- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -3- 2 39 332520 15 532 GCACTTTGTGGTGCCAAGGC Uniform 2′-MOE 44 332521 15 532 GCACTTTGTGGTGCCAAGGC Uniform 2′-deoxy 44 332522 15 532 GCA CT T TG T GG T GC C AA GGC 3 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 3 44 332864 16 1348 GAGC TTT G CCTT C TTG CCAT 4 -3- 1 -4- 1 -3- 4 43 332865 16 1348 GAG CT T TG C CT T CT T GC CAT 3 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 3 43 332866 16 1348 GAG CTTTG CCTT CTTGC CAT 3 -5- 4 -5- 3 43 332867 16 1348 GAG CTTTGCCTTCTTGC CAT 3 -14- 3 43 332868 16 1348 GAG CTT TG CCTT CT TGC CAT 3 -3- 2 -4- 2 -3- 3 43 332869 16 1348 GAG C T T T G C C T T C T T G CCAT 3 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 4 43 333022 15 500 CAGGAGATGTTGGCCGTGGT Uniform 2′-MOE 38 333023 15 500 CAGGAGATGTTGGCCGTGGT Uniform 2′-deoxy 38 333024 15 500 CAG GA G AT G TT G GC C GT GGT 3 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 3 38 334269 21 2097 CTG CTAGCCTCTGGATT TGA 3 -14- 3 42 334270 21 2097 CTG CTAGCC T CTGGATT TGA 3 -6- 1 -7- 3 42 334271 21 2097 CTG CTAGCCT C TGGATT TGA 3 -7- 1 -6- 3 42 334272 21 2097 CTG CTAG C CTCT G GATT TGA 3 -4- 1 -4- 1 -4- 3 42 334273 21 2097 CTG CTA G CC T CTG G ATTTGA 3 -3- 1 -2- 1 -3- 1 -3- 3 42 334274 21 2097 CTG CTA G CCT C TG G ATT TGA 3 -3- 1 -3- 1 -2- 1 -3- 3 42 334275 21 2097 CTG CT A GC C TC T GG A TT TGA 3 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 3 42 334276 21 2097 C*T*G*C*T*A*G*C*C*T*C*T* Uniform 2′-deoxy 42 G*G*A*T*T*T*G*A 335032 16 1348 GAGCTTTGCCTTCTTGCCAT Uniform 2′-deoxy 43 335033 16 1348 G*A*G*C*T*T*T*G*C*C*T*T*C* Uniform 2′-deoxy 43 T*T*G*C*C*A*T 335112 16 1348 G * A * G * C * T *T*T*G*C*C*T*T* 5 -10- 5 43 C*T*T* G * C * C * A * T 335114 16 1348 G * A * G *C*T* T *T*G*C* C *T*T* 3 -2- 1 -3- 1 -3- 1 -3- 3 43 C* T *T*G*C* C * A * T 337205 11 1424 ATG CACTCAAGAACTCG GTA 3 -14- 3 35 337206 11 1424 ATG CACTCA A GAACTCG GTA 3 -6- 1 -7- 3 35 337207 11 1424 ATG CACTCAA G AACTCG GTA 3 -7- 1 -6- 3 35 337208 11 1424 ATG CACT C AAGA A CTCG GTA 3 -4- 1 -4- 1 -4- 3 35 337209 11 1424 ATG CAC T CA A GAA C TCG GTA 3 -3- 1 -2- 1 -3- 1 -3- 3 35 337210 11 1424 ATG CAC T CAA G AA C TCG GTA 3 -3- 1 -3- 1 -2- 1 -3- 3 35 337211 11 1424 A*T*G*C*A*C*T*C*A*A*G*A* Uniform 2′-deoxy 35 A*C*T*C**G*G*T*A 337212 11 1424 ATG CA CT C AA G AA C T CG GTA 3 -2- 2 -1- 2 -1- 2 -1- 1 -2- 3 35 337213 11 1424 ATG C ACT C AA G AA C TC G GTA 3 -1- 3 -1- 2 -1- 2 -1- 2 -1- 3 35 337214 11 1424 ATG C AC T CA A GA A CT C GGTA 3 -1- 2 -1- 2 -1- 2 -1- 2 -1- 4 35 337215 11 1424 ATG C A C T C A A G A A C T C GGTA 3 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 4 35 337216 11 1424 A T G C A C T C A A G A A C T C G G TA 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1-1- 35 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 2 337217 21 2097 CTG CT AG C CT C TG G A TT TGA 3 -2- 2 -1- 2 -1- 2 -1- 1 -2- 3 42 337218 21 2097 CTG C TAG C CT C TG G AT T TGA 3 -1- 3 -1- 2 -1- 2 -1- 2 -1- 3 42 337219 21 2097 CTG C TA G CC T CT G GA T TTGA 3 -1- 2 -1- 2 -1- 2 -1- 2 -1- 4 42 337220 21 2097 CTG C T A G C C T C T G G A T TTGA 3 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 4 42 337221 21 2097 C T G C T A G C C T C T G G A T T T GA 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 42 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 2 337222 11 1424 ATGCACTCAAGAACTCGGTA Uniform 2′-MOE 35 338173 28 802 CGCTC GTACTCGTAG GCCAG 5 -10- 5 40 338174 28 802 CGCTCGTACTCGTAGGCCAG Uniform 2′-MOE 40 338175 28 802 CGCT CGT A CTCG T AGG CCAG 4 -3- 1 -4- 1 -3- 4 40 338176 28 802 CGC TC G TA C TC G TA G GC CAG 3 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1ee -2-3 40 338177 28 802 CGC TCGTA CTCG TAGGC CAG 3 -5- 4 -5- 3 40 338178 28 802 CGC TCGTACTCGTAGGC CAG 3 -14- 3 40 338179 28 802 CGC TCG TA CTCG TA GGC CAG 3 -3- 2 -4- 2 -3- 3 40 338180 28 802 CGC T C G T A C T C G T A G G CCAG 3 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 4 40 345888 19 341 ATT TG C AT C CA T GA G CT CCA 3 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 3 37 352426 16 1348 GA GCTTTG CCTT CTTGCC AT 2 -6- 4 -6- 2 43 352427 16 1348 GA GCTTTGC CT TCTTGCC AT 2 -7- 2 -7- 2 43 352428 16 1348 G AGCTTTGC CT TCTTGCCA T 1 -8- 2 -8- 1 43

The target regions to which these sequences are complementary are herein referred to as “target segments” and are therefore suitable for targeting by oligomeric compounds of the present invention. The target segment sequences represent the reverse complement of the chimeric oligomeric compounds.

As these “target segments” have been found by experimentation to be open to, and accessible for, hybridization with the chimeric oligomeric compounds of the present invention, one of skill in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, further embodiments of the invention that encompass other oligomeric compounds that specifically hybridize to these target segments and consequently inhibit the expression of a target.

According to the present invention, chimeric oligomeric compounds include antisense olgiomeric compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, siRNAs, alternate splicers and other short olgiomeric compounds which hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid.

Example 46 In Vitro Analysis of Chimeric Oligomeric Compounds Having Alternating 3′-Endo and 2′-Endo Regions

In one embodiment, gap-disabled oligomeric compounds were selected from Table 13 and tested for their effects on target expression in cultured cells. Gapmer compounds were also tested in each in vitro assay and served as the positive control for target reduction.

To test the effects of gap-disabled compounds of the invention on mouse survivin expression, NIH 3T3 cells were treated 6.25, 25, 100 and 200 nM of the oligomeric compounds shown in Table 13. ISIS 303767, which contains 6 mismatches to mouse survivin, was used as a negative control in this assay. Cells were transfected using LIPOFECTIN™ and mRNA levels were measured using real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Results of these studies are shown in Table 14. Data are averages from two or more experiments and are expressed as percent inhibition relative to untreated control. As demonstrated in Table 14, the gap-disabled compounds ISIS 299230 and ISIS 229231 and the gapmer ISIS 114905 inhibited mouse survivin expression in a dose-dependent manner. The gap-disabled compounds ISIS 299229 and ISIS 299232 inhibited mouse survivin expression at the 100 and 200 nM doses. TABLE 14 Inhibition of mouse survivin expression in NIH 3T3 cells: dose response % Inhibition SEQ ID Dose of oligonucleotide (nM) ISIS # NO 6.25 25 100 200 299228 55 0 0 0 9 299229 55 0 0 10 17 299230 34 23 28 64 72 299231 49 22 44 78 83 299232 54 0 0 38 59 114905 49 0 51 82 91 303767 68 0 0 10 60

Oligomeric compounds targeting mouse SCD1 were also tested. Primary mouse hepatocytes were treated with 15, 44, 133 and 400 nM of the oligomeric compounds shown in Table 15, or the control oligomeric compound ISIS 141923, which does not target mouse SCD1. Cells were transfected using LIPOFECTIN™ and mRNA levels were measured using real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Results of these studies are shown in Table 15. Data are averages from three experiments and are expressed as percent inhibition relative to untreated control. As demonstrated in Table 15, the gap-disabled compound ISIS 312844 inhibited SCD1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. The gapmer compounds also inhibited SCD1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. TABLE 15 Inhibition of mouse SCD1 expression in mouse primary hepatocytes: dose response % Inhibition SEQ ID Dose of oligonucleotide (nM) ISIS # NO 15 44 133 400 312844 47 0 15 40 69 244504 47 15 32 65 83 244541 36 0 1 46 78 141923 64 0 0 0 0

To evaluate the effects of oligomeric compounds of the invention on mouse PTEN expression, b.END cells were treated with 12.5, 25, 50 or 100 nM of the oligomeric compounds shown in Table 16. ISIS 141923, which does not target PTEN, was used as a negative control in this assay. Cells were transfected using LIPOFECTIN™ and mRNA levels were measured using real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Results of these studies are shown in Table 16. Data are averages from two or more experiments and are expressed as percent inhibition relative to untreated control. As demonstrated in Table 16, the gap-disabled compounds ISIS 334269, ISIS 334270, ISIS 334271, ISIS 334272, ISIS 334273, ISIS 334274, ISIS 334275 inhibited mouse PTEN mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner, as did the gapmer compound ISIS 116847. ISIS 334269, a gapmer compound with a gap segment 14 nucleotides in length and wing segments 3 nucleotides in length, also inhibited PTEN expression in a dose-dependent manner. The uniform 2′-deoxy compound ISIS 334276 did not exhibit target inhibition greater than 9%. TABLE 16 Inhibition of mouse PTEN mRNA expression in b.END cells: dose response % Inhibition SEQ ID Dose of oligonucleotide (nM) ISIS # NO 12.5 25 50 100 334269 42 9 29 56 71 334270 42 31 29 63 75 334271 42 18 46 59 66 334272 42 0 31 57 64 334273 42 19 31 47 60 334274 42 9 26 47 50 334275 42 10 30 43 63 334276 42 3 9 8 0 116847 42 12 45 62 75 141923 64 0 0 0 0

Additional compounds targeted to mouse PTEN were tested in a similar assay in b.END cells. Cells were transfected using LIPOFECTIN™ and mRNA levels were measured using real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. ISIS 337217 inhibited target expression 10% and 15% at doses of 25 and 50 nM, respectively. ISIS 331218 inhibited PTEN expression by 17% at a dose of 100 nM. ISIS 337219, ISIS 337220 and ISIS 337221 did not significantly inhibit PTEN expression in b.END cells in this assay.

Oligomeric compounds targeted to NaDCl were also tested in an in vitro assay. Primary mouse hepatocytes were treated with 15, 44, 133 or 400 nM of the oligomeric compounds shown in Table 17. ISIS 141923, which does not target mouse NaDCl, was used as a negative control compound in this assay. Cells were transfected using LIPOFECTIN™ and mRNA levels were measured using real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Results of these studies are shown in Table 17. Data are averages from three experiments and are expressed as percent inhibition relative to untreated control. As demonstrated in Table 17 the gap-disabled compound ISIS 312387 inhibited mouse NaDCl in a dose-dependent manner, as did the gapmer compounds targeted to NaDCl. TABLE 17 Inhibition of mouse NaDC1 mRNA expression in mouse primary hepatocytes: dose response % Inhibition SEQ ID Dose of oligonucleotide (nM) ISIS NO 15 44 133 400 312837 46 16 55 61 79 249375 46 29 59 71 90 249386 41 0 9 38 76 141923 64 0 0 0 0

Primary mouse hepatocytes were treated for 4 hours with 15, 44, 133, and 400 nM of the oligomeric compounds shown in Table 18. ISIS 141923, which does not target mouse HSD11, was used as a negative control in this assay. Cells were transfected using LIPOFECTIN™ and mRNA levels were measured using real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Results of these studies are shown in Table 18. Data are averages from three experiments and are expressed as percent inhibition relative to untreated control. As demonstrated in Table 18, the gap-disabled compound ISIS 310516 inhibited HSD11 expression in a dose-dependent manner, as did the gapmer compound. TABLE 18 Inhibition of mouse HSD11 mRNA expression in mouse primary hepatocytes: dose response % Inhibition SEQ ID Dose of oligonucleotide (nM) ISIS NO 15 44 133 400 310516 58 0 40 69 95 146038 58 37 70 94 97 141923 64 0 0 0 0

Gap-disabled compound targeting the mouse glucagon receptor RNA were also tested in an in vitro assay. Primary mouse hepatocytes were treated with 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 25 or 50 nM of the oligomeric compounds shown in Table 19. ISIS 116847, which does not target the mouse glucagon receptor, was used as a negative control in this assay. Cells were transfected using LIPOFECTIN™ and mRNA levels were measured using real-time PCR as described in other examples herein.

Results of these studies are shown in Table 19. Data are averages from three experiments and are expressed as percent inhibition relative to untreated control. “IC₅₀” indicates the concentration of oligomeric compond required to inhibit glucagon receptor mRNA expression by 50%. Where present, “ND” indicates “not determined.” As demonstrated in Table 19, the gap-disabled compounds ISIS 300861, ISIS 332864, ISIS 332865, ISIS 332866, ISIS 332897 and ISIS 332868 inhibited mouse glucagon receptor expression in a dose-dependent manner, as did the gapmer compound. ISIS 332867, a gap-disabled compound, inhibited mouse glucagon receptor expression. ISIS 332869, a gapmer compound with a gap segment of 14 nucleotides in length and wing segments of 3 nucleotides in length, exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of mouse glucagon receptor mRNA at doses of 5, 10 and 25 nM. TABLE 19 Inhibition of mouse glucagon receptor mRNA expression in mouse primary hepatocytes: dose response % Inhibition SEQ ID Dose of oligonucleotide (nM) ISIS # NO 0.5 1 5 10 25 50 IC₅₀(nM) 300861 43 1 15 32 20 51 67 24 332864 43 10 30 52 45 63 70 14 332865 43 6 10 29 36 49 53 33 332866 43 27 42 ND 58 70 75 6 332867 43 37 48 66 74 74 77 1 332868 43 7 34 52 58 68 ND 5 332869 43 15 2 5 12 24 25 >50 180475 43 3 43 58 68 78 80 3 116847 42 11 13 0 0 0 0 >50

To evaluate the effects of gap-disabled compounds targeted to mouse DGAT2, primary mouse hepatocytes were treated with 15, 44, 133, and 400 nM of the oligomeric compounds shown in Table 20. ISIS 116847, which does not target the mouse glucagon receptor, was used as a negative control in this assay. Cells were transfected using LIPOFECTIN™ and mRNA levels were measured using real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Results of these studies are shown in Table 20. Data are averages from three experiments and are expressed as percent inhibition relative to untreated control. As demonstrated in Table 2 the gap-disabled compounds ISIS 310514 and ISIS 310515, like the gapmer compounds, inhibited mouse DGAT2 expression in a dose-dependent manner. TABLE 20 Inhibition of mouse DGAT2 expression in mouse primary hepatocytes: dose response % Inhibition Dose of oligonucleotide (nM) ISIS NO SEQ ID NO 15 44 133 400 310514 35 32 64 78 88 310515 52 0 39 45 66 217352 35 71 87 94 95 217376 52 65 75 91 98 141923 64 43 44 0 0

An additional assay tested a gap-disabled compound targeted to mouse CD86. MH-S cells were treated with 0.12, 0.37, 1,1, 3.3, 10 and 30 nM of the oligomeric compounds shown in Table 21. ISIS 131906, which contains seven mismatched bases to mouse CD86, served as the negative control compound in this assay. Cells were transfected using LIPOFECTIN™ and mRNA levels were measured using real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Data are averages from two or more experiments and are expressed as percent inhibition relative to untreated control. Results of these studies are shown in Table 21 and demonstrate that the gap-disabled compound ISIS 306058, inhibited CD86 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner at doses of 3.3, 10 and 30 nM. TABLE 21 Inhibition of mouse CD86 mRNA expression in MH-S cells: dose response % Inhibition SEQ ID Dose of oligonucleotide (nM) ISIS # NO 0.12 0.37 1.1 3.3 10 30 306058 51 0 6 0 17 32 45 121874 51 0 27 42 61 74 70 121875 48 0 25 43 62 78 81 131906 70 0 1 0 0 0 21

In a further embodiment, ISIS 306058 was tested for its ability to modulate cell surface expression of CD86 protein. MH-S cells were treated with 0.1, 0.4, 1.2, 3.7, 11.1, 33.3 and 100 nM of the oligomeric compounds shown in Table 22. ISIS 131906, which contains seven mismatched bases to mouse CD86, served as the negative control compound in this assay. Cells were transfected using LIPOFECTIN™ as described in other examples herein. Cell surface expression of CD86 protein was measured by flow cytometry. Cell surface expression of CD80, which shares sequence identify with CD86 at the nucleic acid level, was also measured. Cells were harvested by brief trypsinization, washed with PBS, then resuspended in 100 μL of staining buffer (PBS, 0.2% BSA) containing both 10 μL of FITC-conjugated anti-CD86 antibody (FITC-anti-hCD86; FITC: fluorescien isothiocyanate; BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.) and 10 ul of PE-conjugated anti-CD80 antibody (PE: phycoerythrin; PE-anti-hCD80, BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.). The cells were stained for 30 minutes at 4° C., washed with PBS, resuspended in 300 μL PBS containing 0.5% paraformaldehyde. Measurements of mean fluorescence activity were made by flow cytometry using the FL-1 and FL-2 channels of a BD Biosciences FACScan (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.). With this method, both CD86 and CD80 protein expression on the surface of the same cell was measured. Data were averaged from two or more experiments and are expressed as percent inhibition relative to untreated control. As shown in Table 22, the gap-disabled compound ISIS 306058 exhibited inhibition of CD86 protein expression in a pattern similar to that observed in cells treated with the gapmer compounds, with dose-dependent inhibition limited to the 5 lower doses. CD80 protein levels were not lowered by the gap-disabled or gapmer compounds targeted to CD86. TABLE 22 Inhibition of mouse CD86 protein expression in MH-S cells: dose response % Inhibition SEQ ID Dose of oligonucleotide (nM) ISIS # NO 0.1 0.4 1.2 3.7 11.1 33.3 100 306058 51 4 6 12 19 30 31 31 121874 51 10 22 43 56 57 57 57 121875 48 9 21 34 46 57 55 54 131906 70 0 6 9 3 3 15 30

A gap-disabled compound targeted to mouse ACS1 was tested for its effects on target mRNA expression. Primary mouse hepatocytes were treated with 15, 44, 133 and 400 nM of the oligomeric compounds shown in Table 23. ISIS 141923, which does not target mouse ACS1, was used as a negative control in this assay. Cells were transfected using LIPOFECTIN™ and mRNA levels were measured using real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Data were averaged from three experiments and are expressed as percent inhibition relative to untreated control. Results of these studies are shown in Table 23 and demonstrate that the gap-disabled compound ISIS 319962 inhibited mouse ACS1 in a dose-dependent manner, as the the gapmer compound. TABLE 23 Inhibition of mouse ACS1 expression in mouse primary hepatocytes: dose response % Inhibition Dose of oligonucleotide (nM) ISIS # SEQ ID NO 15 44 133 400 319162 50 9 12 45 77 291452 50 20 38 63 90 141923 64 32 5 17 29

An additional in vitro assay was performed to test a gap-disabled compound targeted to rat HSD11. Primary rat hepatocytes were treated for 4 hours with 15, 44, 133 and 400 nM of the oligomeric compounds shown in Table 24. ISIS 141923, which does not target rat HSD11, was used as a negative control in this assay. Cells were transfected using LIPOFECTIN™ and mRNA levels were measured using real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Data were averaged from three experiments and are expressed as percent inhibition relative to untreated control. Results of these studies are shown in Table 24 and demonstrate that the gap-disabled compound ISIS 310517 inhibited target mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner at the 3 higher doses of oligomeric compound. TABLE 24 Inhibition of rat HSD11 mRNA expression in rat primary hepatocytes: dose response % Inhibition Dose of oligonucleotide (nM) ISIS NO SEQ ID NO 15 44 133 400 146039 56 31 53 76 92 310517 56 0 20 54 79 141923 64 7 9 0 0

Gap-disabled compounds targeted to rat FAS were tested for their effects on target mRNA expression. Primary rat hepatocytes were treated with 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 nM of the oligomeric compounds shown in Table 25. ISIS 319237, ISIS 319238, or ISIS 319240, which contain 3, 8 and 7 mismatches to rat FAS, respectively, were used as negative control compounds in this assay. Cells were transfected using LIPOFECTIN™ and mRNA levels were measured using real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Results of these studies are shown in Table 25. Data are averages from three experiments and are expressed as percent inhibition relative to untreated control. “IC₅₀” indicates the concentration of oligomeric compound required to inhibit FAS mRNA expression by 50%. Where present, “ND” indicates “not determined.” The data illustrate that the gap-disabled compound ISIS 304170 inhibited rat FAS mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. With the exception of the 25 nM dose, the treatments with ISIS 319239 inhibited rat FAS expression in a dose-dependent manner. The gapmer compounds also inhibited target expression, whereas the mismatched compounds did not. TABLE 25 Inhibition of rat FAS mRNA expression in rat primary hepatocytes: dose response % Inhibition SEQ ID Dose of oligonucleotide (nm) IC₅₀ ISIS # NO 5 10 25 50 100 200 (nM) 304170 60 1 12 9 13 42 71 104 319239 57 4 14 0 38 62 76 67 148529 57 0 0 8 28 61 70 75 256899 60 17 16 3 25 52 73 97 319237 71 0 0 0 0 0 5 N.D. 319238 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 N.D. 319240 69 0 0 0 0 0 13 N.D.

From the data from the in vitro assays presented in Tables 14-25, it is evident that gap-disabled compounds effectively inhibited the expression of the nucleic acid molecules to which they are targeted.

Example 47 Chimeric Oligomeric Gap-Disabled Compounds Having Varying 2′ Sugar Modifications

The data described herein demonstrate that gap-disabled oligomeric compounds having 2′-MOE nucleotides in the 3′-endo regions are able to inhibit expression of a target gene. In a further embodiment, a series of oligomeric compounds was designed, using various 2′ sugar modifications in the 3′-endo region. The oligomeric compounds were designed using SEQ ID NO: 43, which targets the mouse glucagon receptor RNA. The compounds are shown in Table 26. All compounds in Table 26 are chimeric oligomeric compounds comprising regions that alternate between 3′-endo regions and 2′-endo regions. The motif of each oligomeric compound is illustrated in Table 26, where 3′-endo regions are indicated by bold, underlined type and 2′-endo regions are indicated by plain type. The number corresponding to each region represents the number of base pairs for that particular region. The 3′-endo modification of each oligomeric compound is also indicated in Table 26. All internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate throughout each compound in Table 26. Unmodified cytosines are indicated by a superscript “U” preceding the nucleobase, for example, “^(U)C”; all other cytosines are 5-methylcytosines. The 2′-endo regions of ISIS 340662 are comprised of 2′-ribonucleotides. The 2′-endo regions of all other compounds in Table 26 are comprised of 2′-deoxynucleotides. Where indicated by “U” at the 3′-terminal nucleobase position of ISIS 340658, ISIS 340661, ISIS 340663 and ISIS 358699, uracil was used in place of thymidine, making the compounds hybrids of DNA and RNA. TABLE 26 Gap-disabled oligomeric compounds targeted to mouse glucagon receptor: varying motifs and 3′-endo nucleosides SEQ ID 3′-endo ISIS NO NO Sequence (5′ to 3′) Motif modification 180475 43 GAGCT TTGCCTTCTT GCCAT 5 -10- 5 2′-MOE 298683 43 GAGCTTTGCCTTCTTGCCAT Uniform 2′-MOE 2′-MOE 300861 43 GAG CT T TGC C TTC T TGC CAT 3 -2- 1 -3- 1 -3- 1 -3- 3 2′-MOE 340658 43 GAG CT T TGC C TTC T TGC CAU 3 -2- 1 -3- 1 -3- 1 -3- 3 2′-O-methyl 340659 43 GAG CT T TGC C TTC T TGC CAT 3 -2- 1 -3- 1 -3- 1 -3- 3 2′-fluoro 340660 43 GAG CT T TGC C TTC T TGC CAT 3 -2- 1 -3- 1 -3- 1 -3- 3 LNA 340661 43 GAG CT U TGC^(U) C TTC U TGC^(U) CAU 3 -2- 1 -3- 1 -3- 1 -3- 3 2′-OH 340662 43 GAG ^(U)CU T UG^(U)C C UU^(U)C T UG^(U)C CAT 3 -2- 1 -3- 1 -3- 1 -3- 3 2′-MOE 332866 43 GAG CTTTG CCTT CTTGC CAT 3 -5- 4 -5- 3 2′-MOE 340663 43 GAG CTTTG CCTT CTTGC CAU 3 -5- 4 -5- 3 2′-O-methyl 340673 43 GAG CTTTG CCTT CTTGC CAT 3 -5- 4 -5- 3 LNA 358699 43 GAG CTTTG CCTT CTTGC CAU 3 -5- 4 -5- 3 2′-fluoro

The compounds were tested for their ability to modulate the expression of glucagon receptor mRNA in mouse primary hepatocytes. Cells, cultured as described herein, were treated with 0.1, 0.316, 1, 3.16, 10, 31.6 or 100 nM of oligomeric compounds. Untreated cells served as a control group to which all other data were normalized. Cells were transfected and mRNA was measured as described herein. The data, shown in Table 27, are the average of 3 experiments and are presented as percent of control cell mRNA expression. A number less than or greater than 100% indicates a decrease or increase in mRNA expression, respectively. TABLE 27 Oligomeric compounds of varying motifs and 3′-endo regions: effects on mouse glucagon receptor mRNA Dose of oligomeric compound (nM) 100 31.6 10 3.16 1 0.316 0.1 3′-endo ISIS # % Control expression Motif modification 180475 16 58 84 130 140 141 103 5 -10- 5 2′-MOE 298683 105 133 149 167 150 133 144 Uniform 2′-MOE 2′-MOE 300861 58 109 116 145 151 162 132 3 -2- 1 -3- 1 -3- 1 -3- 3 2′-MOE 340658 78 100 131 141 171 160 119 3 -2- 1 -3- 1 -3- 1 -3- 3 2′-O-methyl 340659 62 85 118 131 138 154 134 3 -2- 1 -3- 1 -3- 1 -3- 3 2′-fluoro 340660 38 61 97 121 134 146 154 3 -2- 1 -3- 1 -3- 1 -3- 3 LNA 340661 93 129 129 124 165 146 116 3 -2- 1 -3- 1 -3- 1 -3- 3 2′-OH 340662 99 151 145 149 163 168 128 3 -2- 1 -3- 1 -3- 1 -3- 3 2′-MOE 332866 20 64 83 146 133 128 144 3 -5- 4 -5- 3 2′-MOE 340663 25 76 112 123 137 138 137 3 -5- 4 -5- 3 2′-O-methyl 340673 45 59 87 112 128 125 99 3 -5- 4 -5- 3 LNA 358699 42 75 113 118 158 115 147 3 -5- 4 -5- 3 2′-fluoro

These data demonstrate that gap-disabled compounds, having a plurality of motifs and 3′-endo modifications, exhibit target reduction activity in this assay. For example, ISIS 300861 (2′-MOE), ISIS 340658 (2′-O-methyl), ISIS 340659 (2′-fluoro), ISIS 340660 (LNA), ISIS 332866 (2′-MOE), ISIS 340663 (2′-O-methyl), ISIS 340673 (LNA) and ISIS 359699 (2′-fluoro) inhibited target expression at the 100 nM dose.

Example 48 Comparison of Gapmers and Gap-Disabled Oligomeric Compounds: Influence on Apoptosis Induction and Cell Viability

Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is an important aspect of various biological processes, including normal cell turnover, as well as immune system and embryonic development. Apoptosis involves the activation of caspases, a family of intracellular proteases through which a cascade of events leads to the cleavage of a select set of proteins. The caspase family can be divided into two groups: the initiator caspases, such as caspase-8 and -9, and the executioner caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 and -7, which are activated by the initiator caspases. The caspase family contains at least 14 members, with differing substrate preferences (Thornberry and Lazebnik, Science, 1998, 281, 1312-1316). Measuring caspase-3 activity is one manner in which caspase activity is evaluated. Changes in nucleic acid content also serve as an indicator of cell viability, as well as cytotoxic events or pathological abnormalities that affect cell proliferation.

The ability of gap-disabled and gapmer oligomeric compounds to affect apoptosis and viability in cultured cells was assayed using gap-disabled compounds and their corresponding gapmer compounds. The nucleic acid molecules to which these compounds are targeted, as well as the sequence and motif of each compound, are shown in Table 13. The gap-disabled compounds were: ISIS 330693, ISIS 194563, ISIS 300861 and ISIS 304170. The gapmer compounds were: ISIS 126965, ISIS 129605, ISIS 180475 and ISIS 256899.

These were tested for their effects on caspase-3 activity and cell viability in the human lung carcinoma cell line A549 (American Type Culture Collection; Manassas, Va.). A549 cells were routinely cultured in DMEM basal media (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) and 1× antibiotic-antimycotic mix (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached approximately 100% confluence. For LIPOFECTIN™-mediated transfection A549 cells were plated on 96-well microtiter plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) precoated with rat tail collagen (BD Biosciences, Bedford Mass.) at a density of approximately 2*10⁵ cells/ml in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotic-antimycotic mix. Cells were cultured overnight at 37° C. in the presence of 5% CO₂. The following day the media was aspirated and replaced with prewarmed OPTI-MEM™ (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) containing 300 nM oligonucleotide and 9 μg/mL LIPOFECTIN™ (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif. ). Cells incubated with OPTI-MEM™ alone served as untreated control cells. After four hours the transfection mix was exchanged for fresh culture medium and cells were incubated for an additional 44 hours at 37° C. in the presence of 5% CO₂.

Caspase-3 activity was evaluated with a fluorometric HTS Caspase-3 assay (Oncogene Research Products, San Diego, Calif. ) that detects cleavage after aspartate residues in the peptide sequence DEVD. The DEVD substrate is labeled with a fluorescent molecule, which exhibits a blue to green shift in fluorescence upon cleavage. Active caspase-3 in the oligonucleotide treated cells is measured by this assay according to the manufacturer's instructions. 48 hours after oligonucleotide treatment, 50 uL of assay buffer was added to each well, followed by addition 20 uL of the caspase-3 fluorescent substrate conjugate. Data were obtained in triplicate. Fluorescence in wells was immediately detected (excitation/emission 400/505 nm) using a fluorescent plate reader (SpectraMAX GeminiXS, Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif.). The plate was covered and incubated at 37° C. for and additional three hours, after which the fluorescence was again measured (excitation/emission 400/505 nm). The value at time zero was subtracted from the measurement obtained at 3 hours. The measurement obtained from the untreated control cells was designated as 100% activity. The data are presented in Table 28. Values above or below 100% indicate an increase or decrease in caspase-3 activity, respectively.

Cell proliferation and viability were measured using the CyQuant Cell Proliferation Assay Kit (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) utilizing the CyQuant GR green fluorescent dye which exhibits strong fluorescence enhancement when bound to cellular nucleic acids. After the 48 hour oligonucleotide treatment, the microplate was gently inverted to remove the medium from the wells, which were each washed once with 200 uL of phosphate-buffered saline. Plates were frozen at −70° C. and then thawed. A volume of 200 uL of the CyQUANT GR dye/cell-lysis buffer was added to each well. The microplate was incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature, protected from light. Data were obtained in triplicate. Fluorescence in wells was immediately detected (excitation/emission 480/520 nm) using a fluorescent plate reader (SpectraMAX GeminiXS, Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif.). The measurement obtained from the untreated control cells was designated as 100% activity. The data are presented in Table 28. Values above or below 100% indicate an increase or decrease in caspase-3 activity, respectively. TABLE 28 Apoptosis and cell viability: comparison of gapmer and gap-disabled oligomeric compounds % % caspase-3 SEQ ID ISIS # Motif cell viability activity NO 126965 5 -10- 5 27 2408 39 330693 2 -1- 1 -2- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -1- 1 -3- 2 76 119 39 129605 5 -10- 5 60 156 63 194563 2 -1- 1 -2- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1 -3- 2 51 67 63 180475 5 -10- 5 30 436 43 300861 3 -2- 1 -3- 1 -3- 1 -3- 3 43 94 43 256899 5 -10- 5 68 110 60 304170 3 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 1 -2- 3 58 72 60

These data demonstrate that when cells were treated with compounds have the nucleobase sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 39 and 43, cell viability was higher and caspase-3 activity was lowered in cells treated with the gap-disabled compounds, as compared to cells treated with the gapmer compounds. Comparison of gap-disabled and gapmer compounds having the nucleobase sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 63 and 60 reveals that both cell viability and caspase-3 activity were lowered in the cells treated with the gap-disabled compounds, as compared to cells treated with the gapmer compounds. These data further illustrate that gap-disabled compounds, like gapmer compounds, are able to modulate cellular pathways.

Example 49 Gap-Disabled vs. Gapmer Oligomeric Compounds: Hepatotoxic Effects

A number of chemical modifications have been introduced into oligomeric compounds to increase their usefulness as therapeutic agents and improve their pharmacokinetic properties. Of particular interest is the elimination of toxicity caused by oligomeric compounds, which can be significant in the liver and kidney due to the relatively high accumulation of oligomeric compounds in these organs. In a further embodiment, the hepatotoxic effects of the gapmer compound ISIS 129605 (SEQ ID NO: 63; no known target) and the gap-disabled compound ISIS 194563 (SEQ ID NO: 63; no known target) were tested in normal mice. Other oligomeric compounds tested included ISIS 118929 (SEQ ID NO: 53), a randomized control ISIS 29848 (NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN, where N is A, T, C or G, SEQ ID NO: 75); and ISIS 148548 (SEQ ID NO: 59), all three of which are gapmer oligomeric compounds with 5-methylcytidines and phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages throughout.

Normal mice, maintained on a lean diet, were injected with 50 mg/kg of each oligomeric compound, twice weekly for 2 weeks. Saline-injected animals served as a control group. Each treatment group contained 4 animals. Animals were sacrificed at the end of the treatment period. Liver weights were determined at necropsy, and serum was collected for analysis of liver transaminase levels determined by routine clinical assays.

The serum transaminases ALT and AST are frequently used as indicators of hepatotoxicity. ISIS 129605 caused marked increases in both AST and ALT levels, which were 20 and 17 times, respectively, that observed in saline-treated mice. Conversely, ISIS 194563, which has the same nucleotide sequence as ISIS 129605 but is a gap-disabled compound, caused no increase in ALT and AST levels relative to saline-treated animals. Similarly, treatment ISIS 118929, ISIS 148548 or ISIS 29848 did not result in elevated ALT and AST levels. Increases in liver and spleen weights can also indicate the presence of toxicity. Treatment with ISIS 129605 resulted in an increase in liver weight approximately 1.6 times that of livers from saline-treated animals. Conversely, treatment with ISIS 194563 did not elevate or reduce liver weight. Serum transaminase levels and liver weight data demonstrate that introduction of 2′-MOE nucleotides into the gap segment of ISIS 129605 reduced the toxicity of that compound. Liver weights following treatment with the other gamper compounds were not significantly increased. None of the compounds resulted in significantly elevated spleen weights.

An additional in vivo experiment was performed, using oligomeric compounds described herein: ISIS 129605 (SEQ ID NO: 63), a gapmer having the motif 5-10-5 wherein the wing segments are composed of 2′-MOE nucleotides; ISIS 189525 (SEQ ID NO: 63), a gapmer having the motif 5-10-5, wherein the wings are composed of 2′-MOE nucleotides, and also having unmodified cytosines (rather than 5-methylcytosines); ISIS 199041 (SEQ ID NO: 63), uniformly composed of 2′-MOE nucleotides; ISIS 199042 (SEQ ID NO: 63), a gap-disabled compound having the motif 5-2-1-2-1-2-1-1-5; ISIS 199043 (SEQ ID NO: 63), uniformly composed of 2′-deoxynucleotides; ISIS 199044 (SEQ ID NO: 63), a 5-10-5gapmer wherein the wing segments are composed of 2′-O-methyl nucleotides and the gap is composed of 2′-deoxynucleotides; and ISIS 199046 (SEQ ID NO: 63), a 5-10-5 gapmer wherein the wing segments are composed of 2′-MOE nucleotides, and wherein the internucleoside linkages in the wings are phosphodiester and the internucleoside linkages in the gap are phosphorothioate. Also tested were ISIS 199047 (SEQ ID NO: 61) and ISIS 199048 (SEQ ID NO: 62), both gapmer compounds with the motif 5-10-5, having wing segments composed of 2′-MOE nucleotides. Unless otherwise noted, internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate and cytosines are 5-methylcytosines. For each motif presented, emboldened, underlined type indicates 2′-MOE nucleotides and plain type indicated 2′-deoxynucleotides. SEQ ID NOs: 63, 61 and 62 are not perfectly complementary to any known target.

Lean mice were treated with 50 mg/kg oligomeric compound, twice weekly for 3 weeks. The serum transaminases ALT and AST, indicators of toxicity, were measured by routine clinical analysis at the end of the study. ISIS 129605 treatment resulted in AST and ALT levels approximately 6 and 5 times those of saline-treated mice, respectively. ISIS 199044 resulted in dramatically elevated AST and ALT, approximately 15 and 9 times those of saline-treated mice, respectively. Treatment with ISIS 199048 also resulted in elevated AST and ALT, approximately 10 and 15 times those of saline-treated mice, respectively. The gap-disabled compound ISIS 199042 did not significantly elevate ALT and AST levels, demonstrating that an additional gap-disabled compound exhibits significantly fewer toxic properties than the gapmer version having the same nucleotide sequence. ISIS 189525, ISIS 199041, ISIS 199043, ISIS 199046 and ISIS 199047 similarly did not cause significantly elevated ALT and AST levels, illustrating that various chemical modifications of SEQ ID NO: 63 exhibit fewer toxic properties relative to ISIS 129605.

Liver weights, increases in which can also indicate toxicity, were also measured at the end of the study. In accordance with the observation that ISIS 199042 did not elevate ALT and AST levels, this compound did not significantly change liver weight. ISIS 199041 and ISIS 199046 did not cause increases in liver weight. However, ISIS 129605 and ISIS 199044, which did exhibit toxic properties as judged by ALT and AST levels, increased liver weight by approximately 1.6 and 1.8 times that of liver weights from saline-treated mice. These data further demonstrate the toxic properties of these compounds. Although ISIS 189525 and ISIS 199043 did not elevate ALT and AST levels, treatment with these compounds resulted in approximately 1.4-fold increases in liver weights relative to livers from saline-treated mice.

These in vivo studies illustrate that chimeric oligomeric compounds having at least 9 alternating 3′-endo and 2′-endo regions ameliorate hepatotoxicity, thereby improving the pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds. Thus, these compounds have applications in the development of therapeutic agents.

Example 50 In Vivo Comparison of Gapmer and Gap-Disabled Oligomeric Compounds Targeted to JNK1: Target Reduction and Toxicity

In a further embodiment, gap-disabled and gapmer oligomeric compounds targeted to both human and mouse jun N-terminal kinase-1 (JNK1) were tested for their effects on both toxicity and target reduction in vivo. The gap-disabled compound ISIS 345888 (SEQ ID NO: 37) and the gapmer compound ISIS 307754 (SEQ ID NO: 37) are both shown in Table 13 and were selected for this study.

Male Balb/c mice, 6 to 7 weeks of age, received twice weekly intraperitoneal injections of 12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg of either ISIS 307754 or ISIS 345888, for a period of three weeks. ISIS 141923 (SEQ ID NO: 64) was used as a negative control oligomeric compound and was injected at 50 mg/kg. Saline-injected animals served as a control group and were injected in the same manner as the oligomeric compounds. Each treatment group contained 4 animals. Body weights were monitored throughout the study (Days 1, 5, 8, 12, 15 and 19). Two days following the final injection, animals were sacrificed (Day 20). Liver and spleen weights, increases in which can indicate toxicity, were determined at time of necropsy. Serum was collected for analysis of the liver transaminase ALT, an indicator of toxicity. ALT levels were determined by routine clinical analysis. Liver tissue was collected for measurement of target mRNA expression by real-time PCR. Liver and kidney tissue were evaluated for concentration of total and full-length oligomeric compound by capillary gel electrophoresis.

ALT levels are shown in Table 29, in international units per liter (IU/L), with the saline control levels included for comparison. Body, liver and spleen weights are also presented in Table 29. Body weights are shown as percentage relative to the weight of each animal at the start of the study. Liver and spleen weights are normalized to saline-treated control weights. TABLE 29 Indicators of toxicity: gap-disabled vs. gapmer oligomeric compounds targeted to JNK1 Liver Spleen Body Weights Weight Weight ALT % relative to Day 1 Dose, IU/L Day Day Day Day Day % relative to saline Treatment mg/kg Day 20 5 8 12 15 19 Day 20 Day 20 Saline none 46 100 106 104 108 108 100 100 141923 50 64 100 104 105 107 109 99 106 307754 50 292 101 102 103 102 105 131 147 307754 25 218 98 101 101 105 107 118 122 307754 12.5 40 101 105 106 106 109 109 120 345888 50 58 100 104 103 106 106 101 125 345888 25 103 102 105 105 107 110 110 124 345888 12.5 48 98 103 103 107 110 107 119

From these data, it is evident that at doses of 25 or 50 mg/kg, treatment with the gap-disabled compound ISIS 345888 resulted in markedly lower ALT levels, relative to treatment with the gapmer compound ISIS 307754. These data further reveal that at the 25 and 50 mg/kg doses, ISIS 307754 caused increases in liver weight, relative to saline-treatment. The 12.5 mg/kg dose of ISIS 307754 did not increase liver weight, relative to saline-treatment. None of the doses of the gap-disabled compound ISIS 345888 resulted in an increase in liver weight, relative to saline-treatment. Thus, ISIS 345888 exhibits fewer toxic properties than ISIS 307754.

Oligomeric compounds isolated from kidney and liver tissue were subjected to capillary gel electrophoresis, to determine the concentrations of total and full-length oligomeric compound. The total concentration of oligomeric compound following treatment with ISIS 307754 (gapmer) was 163 μg/g in kidney and 176 μg/g in liver. Full-length ISIS 307754 represented 94% of the total compound present in kidney and 98% of the total compound present in liver. The total concentration following treatment with ISIS 345888 was 126 μg/g in kidney and 174 μg/g in liver. Full-length ISIS 345888 represented 82% of the total compound present in kidney and 78% of the total compound present in liver. These data demonstrate that full-length ISIS 345888 accumulates in liver and kidney tissue.

Liver RNA was analyzed for JNK1 expression levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described by other examples herein, using the housekeeping gene cyclophilin A to normalize RNA levels among samples. In Table 30, JNK1 mRNA expression levels are shown as normalized to saline-treated control JNK1 levels. TABLE 30 Target reduction and serum transaminases: gap-disabled vs. gapmer oligomeric compounds targeted to JNK1 JNK1 Dose, mRNA % Treatment mg/kg control 141923 50 93 307754 50 15 307754 25 16 307754 12.5 31 345888 50 23 345888 25 26 345888 12.5 49

These results demonstrate a substantial reduction in target expression following treatment with both the gap-disabled and gapmer compounds. Furthermore, the hepatoxicity caused by the gapmer, as judged by liver weights and ALT levels, is ameliorated by the introduction of 2′-MOE nucleotides into the gap segment. The significant reduction of JNK1 mRNA in livers of mice treated with ISIS 345888 also illustrates that the concentration of ISIS 345888 accumulated in the liver is an amount sufficient to elicit substantial target reduction.

Example 51 Antisense Inhibition by Gap-Disabled Oligomeric Compounds Target to Human C-raf

In a further embodiment, a series of oligomeric compounds was designed to target human C-raf RNA, using publicly available sequences (GenBank accession number X03484.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 29; and a sequence assembled from GenBank accession numbers AC026153.10 and AC018500.2, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 30). The compounds are shown in Table 31. “Target site” indicates the first (5′-most) nucleotide number on the particular target sequence to which the compound binds. All compounds in Table 31 are chimeric oligomeric compounds, comprising regions that alternate between 3′-endo regions and 2′-endo regions, also known as gap-disabled compounds. The motif of each compound in Table 31 is 3-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-3, where the number indicates the number of nucleosides in that region. Regions consisting of 2′-MOE nucleotides are indicated by bold, underlined type and the remaining regions in plain type consist of 2′-deoxynucleotides. All internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate linkages, and all cytosines are 5-methylcytosines.

The compounds were tested for their effect on human C-raf mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Data are averages from two experiments in which A549 cells were treated with 75 nM of the compounds in Table 31. ISIS 18078 (SEQ ID NO: 8), which does not target Raf kinase C, was used as a negative control oligonucleotide in this assay. TABLE 31 Antisense inhibition by gap-disabled oligomeric compounds targeted to human C-raf Target SEQ ID Target % Seq ID Isis # Region NO Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) Inhib NO 336818 Coding 29 94 attcttaaacctgagggagc 26 76 336819 Coding 29 144 tgatcgtcttccaagctccc 46 77 336820 Coding 29 198 gagagatgcagctggagcca 61 78 336821 Coding 29 249 tgccatcatctgatgcccgg 77 79 336822 Coding 29 268 ttagaaggatctgtgagttt 67 80 336823 Coding 29 327 gcacattgaccactgttctt 43 81 336824 Coding 29 367 agtgctttcataaggcagtc 38 82 336825 Coding 29 392 ctctggttgcaggcccctca 59 83 336826 Coding 29 413 aagtctgaacactgcacagc 57 84 336827 Coding 29 433 ttacctttgtgttcgtggag 75 85 336828 Coding 29 466 gcagcatcagtattccaatc 58 86 336829 Coding 29 543 tcttccgagcaaagttgtgt 35 87 336830 Coding 29 591 tgagcaggaatttctgacag 53 88 336831 Coding 29 701 tggaaacaataagagttgtc 40 89 336832 Coding 29 776 ggaaacagactctcgcatac 38 90 336833 Coding 29 800 gtgctgagaactaacaggca 78 91 336834 Coding 29 909 tgaccatgtggacattaggt 70 92 336835 Coding 29 931 ctgtccacaggcagcgtggt 40 93 336837 Coding 29 954 gaaggtgaggctgattcgct 43 94 336838 Coding 29 982 cacgaggcctaattttgttt 91 95 336839 Coding 29 1110 atttcccaataatagcttga 68 96 336840 Coding 29 1141 gcaacatctccgtgccattt 48 97 336841 Coding 29 1228 tcctgaaggcctggaattgc 53 98 336842 Coding 29 1284 ccgtgttttgcgcagaacag 50 99 336843 Coding 29 1313 caggttgtcctttgtcatgt 17 100 336844 Coding 29 1361 ggacatgcaggtgtttgtag 27 101 336845 Coding 29 1416 attagctggaacatctgaaa 19 102 336846 Coding 29 1447 atgcaaatagtccattccct 21 103 336847 Coding 29 1490 gaaatatattgttggatttc 61 104 336848 Coding 29 1536 cgtgactttactgttgccaa 34 105 336849 Coding 29 1594 gggccatccagaggacagag 58 106 336850 Coding 29 1650 tgaagatgatctgatctcgg 31 107 336851 Coding 29 1788 atatagcttactaagatctg 33 108 336852 Coding 29 1832 aatggaagacaggatctggg 34 109 336853 Coding 29 1928 cttcggtagagagtgttgga 52 110 336854 Coding 29 1955 tatcctcagtgtgggctgcc 39 111 336855 Coding 29 2010 tgcaaagtcaactagaagac 49 112 336856 Coding 29 2068 ttctgcctctggagaaaggg 20 113 336857 Intron 29 2144 aggtccttagcagagcttct 33 114 336858 Intron 29 2177 aaatggcttccttctcccag 13 115 336859 Intron 29 2255 tacagaaggctgggccttga 67 116 336860 Intron 29 2317 tttttgtactaccatcaaca 50 117 336861 Intron 29 2351 acttcctctaaatactcatg 24 118 336862 Intron 29 2399 tccacatcagggctggactg 32 119 336863 Intron 29 2430 gaagctgatttccaaaatcc 14 120 336864 Intron 29 2458 tcccgcctgtgacatgcatt 39 121 336865 Intron 29 2484 accactctctgaagaaagtc 25 122 336866 Intron 29 2502 gtgccttatgtgcaaaatgt 36 123 336867 Intron 29 2532 ggcggccagagtctcggcag 13 124 336868 Intron 29 2566 ctaagaaaagttccatagta 14 125 336869 Intron 29 2604 gaagctgtgaaaggaggacg 9 126 336870 Intron 29 2630 gggcagctcctggaagacaa 31 127 336871 Intron 29 2746 tgtatacacatgatgtgact 25 128 336872 Intron 30 2834 aacatagctatttgaagcta 47 129 336873 Intron 30 27366 aagcaataatttcaatttct 35 130 336874 Intron 30 27473 gcccagcttaacgtgtattt 12 131 336875 Intron 30 27513 tcatcaggcccagcttaacg 52 132 336876 Intron 30 27520 ccatccatggaaacattatc 35 133 336877 Intron 30 28081 acagcatctaacatcactgt 24 134 336878 Intron 30 28103 agtcaatctcccgaggatag 38 135 336879 Intron 30 28215 agtgacgctttccaagaaga 27 136 336880 Intron 30 28503 atgtaagctaacgatgaata 10 137 336881 Exon-Exon Junction 30 28528 ttccctgggctattctccca 51 138 336882 Exon-Exon Junction 30 28577 aattgagaattacactcacc 55 139 336883 Exon-Exon Junction 30 28613 aacgcctcctaaattgagaa 27 140 336884 Exon-Exon Junction 30 28624 tggattggcttagggaccca 25 141 336885 Exon-Exon Junction 30 28700 actattttgcccttatgaag 81 142 336886 Exon-Exon Junction 30 28886 tcttaaaatctactctgaaa 29 143 336887 Exon-Exon Junction 30 29191 cttaactgtcttaaaatcta 47 144 336888 Exon-Exon Junction 30 29199 tgaaaaatgtacttttctat 51 145 336889 Exon-Exon Junction 30 29273 aaagttttctttaaacaatg 44 146 336890 Exon-Exon Junction 30 29462 gcccatgttctcagaataaa 63 147 336891 Exon-Exon Junction 30 29641 aatctaggtctgttgaactc 6 148 336892 Exon-Exon Junction 30 29665 aaggtaatttgctcaaggcc 46 149 336893 Exon-Exon Junction 30 29713 agaaaactgggactctaaga 60 150 336894 Exon-Exon Junction 30 29732 tatttctatctgaaaaataa 48 151 336895 Exon-Exon Junction 30 29751 aacaaacctatgaagtaggt 59 152 337561 Exon 1: Intron 1 30 29773 tgccacctacctgagggagc 43 153 337562 Exon 10: Intron 10 30 20510 attcttaaacctggtaagaa 64 154 337563 Exon 11: Intron 11 30 20743 gttcacataccactgttctt 48 155 337564 Exon 12: Intron 12 30 27195 gcacattgacctacaaacaa 57 156 337565 Exon 13: Intron 13 30 27308 gagctcttaccctttgtgtt 45 157 337566 Exon 14: Intron 14 30 30025 tgcaacttacaaagttgtgt 67 158 337567 Exon 15: Intron 15 30 30334 tcttccgagcctacaacaag 43 159 337568 Exon 2: Intron 2 30 30492 aatgccttacaagagttgtc 48 160 337569 Exon 3: Intron 3 30 34981 gtgctgagaactaggaggag 63 161 337570 Exon 4: Intron 4 30 35135 gccctattacctcaatcatc 48 162 337571 Exon 5: Intron 5 30 38855 gaattgcatcctgaaacaga 69 163 337572 Exon 7: Intron 7 30 38883 ggaaaagtacctgattcgct 43 164 337573 Exon 8: Intron 8 30 38991 gaaggtgaggcttaatagac 84 165 337574 Intron 1: Exon 2 30 39462 cacgaggcctctgaaacaag 60 166 337575 Intron 10: Exon 11 30 39580 ccaagcttaccgtgccattt 65 167 337576 Intron 12: Exon 13 30 47482 gcaacatctcctgcaaaatt 40 168 337577 Intron 13: Exon 14 30 47567 ttctactcaccgcagaacag 28 169 337578 Intron 15: Exon 16 30 48476 tctactcactccattccctg 38 170 337579 Intron 16: Exon 17 30 51633 atgcaaatagctgtgaaggg 58 171 337580 Intron 2: Exon 3 30 51680 caaaggatactgttggattt 76 172 337581 Intron 4: Exon 5 30 53471 agaaatatatctcaatgctt 58 173 337582 Intron 6: Exon 7 30 53590 agattctcaccatccagagg 79 174 337583 Intron 7: Exon 8 30 54149 acagacttacctgatctcgg 44 175 337584 Intron 8: Exon 9 30 54289 tgaagatgatctaagggaaa 65 176 337585 Intron 9: Exon 10 30 54615 ggaagacaggatctgaaaca 56 177

These data reveal that SEQ ID NOs 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 104, 106, 110, 112, 116, 117, 129, 132, 138, 139, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176 and 177 exhibited at least 43% inhibition of human C-raf mRNA expression in this assay.

Example 52 Antisense Inhibition by Gap-Disabled Oligomeric Compounds Target to Mouse SRC-2

In a further embodiment, a series of oligomeric compounds was designed to target mouse SRC-2 RNA, using publicly available sequences (GenBank accession number U39060.1, corporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 31; the complement of nucleotides 10220000 to 10460000 of the sequence with GenBank accession number NW₁₃ 000149.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 32; and GenBank accession number AK028964. 1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 33). The compounds are shown in Table 32. “Target site” indicates the first (5′-most) nucleotide number on the particular target sequence to which the compound binds. All compounds in Table 32 are chimeric oligomeric compounds, comprising alternating 3′-endo regions and 2′-endo regions, also known as gap disabled compounds. The motif of compound in Table 19 is 3-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-3, where the number indicates of nucleosides in that region. Regions consisting of 2′-MOE nucleotides are indicated by bold, underlined type and the remaining regions in plain type consist of 2′-deoxynucleotides. All internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate linkages, and all cytosines are 5-methylcytosines.

The compounds were tested for their effect on mouse SRC-2 mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Data are averages from two experiments in which b.END cells were treated with 50 nM of the compounds in Table 32. ISIS 337599 (GTGCGCGCGAGCCCGAAATC, SEQ ID NO: 178), which does not target Raf kinase C, is a gap-disabled compound having the same motif as the compounds in Table 32 and was used as a negative control compound in this assay. TABLE 32 Antisense inhibition by gap-disabled oligomeric compounds targeted to human Raf kinase C TARGET SEQ ID TARGET % SEQ ID ISIS # Region NO SITE SEQUENCE (5′ to 3′) INHIB NO 337600 5′UTR 31 174 tatcagcaactgtgcctgta 6 179 337601 5′UTR 31 193 cccactcatcttgaacacat 21 180 337602 Coding 31 479 tctgcacttcatctatgttg 45 181 337603 Coding 31 646 cagctcttcttggttatacc 37 182 337604 Coding 31 1170 tgtctcagaacttcatggtg 34 183 337605 Coding 31 1257 gaacggatgagtttgctctt 9 184 337606 Coding 31 1272 tcattagtagtctgagaacg 0 185 337607 Coding 31 1426 acctgggttcccactgcaca 49 186 337608 Coding 31 1462 gggaaaatttatattgctac 9 187 337609 Coding 31 1491 atgcccatttgttcctttgg 22 188 337610 Coding 31 2244 tgcttctccttgagcgaggt 31 189 337611 Coding 31 2509 aggatctgtcttactgtcca 53 190 337612 Coding 31 2519 tgttactggcaggatctgtc 20 191 337613 Coding 31 2625 tgcaaatcatccaaaatctc 26 192 337614 Coding 31 2700 atggcttgcttgtcaactga 53 193 337615 Coding 31 2705 tgatgatggcttgcttgtca 35 194 337616 Coding 31 2720 gttgcatgaggtcattgatg 31 195 337617 Coding 31 2804 gtgggttattaaaagtgctc 7 196 337618 Coding 31 2809 tggtcgtgggttattaaaag 16 197 337619 Coding 31 2819 ccagttgccctggtcgtggg 39 198 337620 Coding 31 2824 cctgcccagttgccctggtc 10 199 337621 Coding 31 2839 ctggtttggcaataacctgc 1 200 337622 Coding 31 2885 gtccagcaccagttgggctt 27 201 337623 Coding 31 2890 gaaaggtccagcaccagttg 33 202 337624 Coding 31 2900 tgattggtgggaaaggtcca 11 203 337625 Coding 31 2910 ctactgtttctgattggtgg 33 204 337626 Coding 31 2934 ggctgaggtatcactgagta 62 205 337627 Coding 31 2939 ttcctggctgaggtatcact 34 206 337628 Coding 31 2949 ttacccatcattcctggctg 36 207 337629 Coding 31 3182 gtctttggccaggctggctg 27 208 337630 Coding 31 3513 tggctctggctgaccagttc 20 209 337631 Coding 31 3650 agtttggatcttgcatggga 28 210 337632 Coding 31 3789 ttctgctgtgcttggaggcg 24 211 337633 Coding 31 4137 gtcgtagccccagtaaagcc 2 212 337634 3′UTR 31 4833 agttgcactacggtgaatgc 43 213 337635 Exon 1a: Intron 1c 32 77182 gcatctttaccacttcagga 39 214 337636 Exon 11: Intron 11 32 200699 gaaaactcacctggtcactg 0 215 337637 3′UTR 33 2520 aacaggtcgagctcagtagt 34 216

These data demonstrate that SEQ ID NOs 180, 181, 182, 183, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 198, 201, 202, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214 and 216 demonstrated at least 20% inhibition of mouse SRC-2 in this assay. These results provide another example of target inhibition by gap-disabled oligomeric compounds.

Example 53 Recombinant Human RNase H Analysis

RNase H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. It is known in the art that single-stranded antisense oligomeric compounds which are “DNA-like” or have DNA-like regions elicit RNase H activity. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby allowing oligonucleotide-mediated inhibition of gene expression.

In a further embodiment, the ability of oligomeric compounds to elicit RNase H activity was tested using RNase H activity assays. Where the motif of each compound is indicated, 2′-MOE nucleotides are in bold, underlined type and 2′-deoxynucleotide regions are in plain type. The number in each region represents the number of nucleotides in that region. Oligomeric compounds tested included ISIS 300861 (SEQ ID NO: 43), a gap-disabled compound having the motif 3-2-1-3-1-3-1-3-3 and phosphorothioate (P═S) internucleoside linkages throughout the compound, and ISIS 335114 (SEQ ID NO: 43), also a gap-disabled compound having the motif 3-2-1-3-1-3-1-3-3and phosphodiester (P═O) internucleoside linkages throughout the compound. Also tested was ISIS 335112 (SEQ ID NO: 43), a chimeric oligonucleotide 20 nucleotides in length, having a 10-nucleotide gap segment flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′) by 5-nucleotide wing segments, wherein the gap segment consists of 2′-deoxynucleotides and the wing segments consist of 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphodiester (P═O) throughout the compound. An additional oligomeric compound tested was ISIS 335033 (SEQ ID NO: 43), uniformly composed of 2′-deoxynucleotides with phospodiester (P═O) internucleoside linkages throughout the compound. In these compounds, all cytosines are 5-methylcytosines.

RNase H1 activity was evaluated using 40 oligoribonucleotides of mouse glucagon receptor RNA (GTTGGAGGCAATGGCAAGAAGGCAAAGCTCTTCAGGAGGA, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 217) as the target RNA. This target RNA was radiolabelled with ³²P at the 5′-end as described by Wu et al. (J. Biol. Chem, 2001, 276, 23547-23553). In a volume of 100 μL, 100 nM of radiolabelled RNA and 200 nM of oligomeric compound were incubated in a reaction containing 20 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.5, 20 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCL₂, 0.1 mM Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP) and 4% RNaseOUT™ (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.). Reactions were melted by heating to 95° C. for 5 minutes then allowed to cool slowly to room temperature. Formation of the heteroduplex between the target RNA and an oligomeric compound was confirmed by the shift in mobility between the single-stranded end labeled sense RNA and the annealed duplex on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels. The resulting heteroduplexes were tested as substrates for digestion by recominant human RNase H1, which was expressed and purified as described by Wu et al. (J. Biol. Chem, 2004, 279, 17181-17189). An aliquot of annealed heteroduplex reaction was removed for use as the t=0 timepoint. 70 ng of purified recombinant RNase H1 in a solution of 50 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 50% glycerol, 1 mM TCEP and 4% RNaseOUT™ was added to 100 μL of the duplex reaction and was incubated at 37° C. The reaction was terminated at 15, 60 and 240 minute timepoints by the addition of 4M Urea and 20 mM EDTA. The reactions were heated at 90° C. for 2 minutes and the reaction products were resolved on a 12% polyacrylamide gel containing 7 M Urea and visualized and quantitated using a PhosphorImager™ and IMAGEQUANT™ Software (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.).

Recombinant human RNase H1 was tested for its ability to cleave four different heteroduplexes formed between the target RNA and each of the oligomeric compounds ISIS 335112, ISIS 335033, ISIS 335114 and ISIS 300861. The percentage of target RNA cleaved was calculated using the following formula: [(fraction of RNA cleaved/total RNA input)×100]−% background. The data from the 15, 60 and 240 minute time points were normalized to the data from the t=0 timepoint. The results are shown in Table 33. TABLE 33 Recombinant human Rnase-H1 mediated cleavage of heteroduplexes % target mRNA cleavage Reaction ISIS 335112 ISIS 335033 ISIS 335114 ISIS 300861 time Gapmer 2′-deoxy Gap-disabled Gap-disabled (minutes) P═O P═O P═O P═S 15 3 5 1 0 60 15 30 1 1 240 38 74 1 1

These data demonstrate that whereas ISIS 335112 (gapmer) and ISIS 335033 (uniform 2′-deoxy) oligomeric compounds elicited RNase H1-mediated cleavage, the gap-disabled compounds (ISIS 335114 or ISIS 300861) were unable to utilize recombinant RNase H1 to effect the detectable cleavage of target mRNA in this assay.

Example 54 Immunoprecipitated RNase H Activity

In a further embodiment, the ability of gap-disabled oligomeric compounds to utilize immunoprecipitated RNase H1 and RNase H2 to direct the cleavage of target RNA was tested. Polyclonal antibodies were generated by Biosolutions (Ramona, Calif.) using RNase H1 and RNase H2 proteins purified as described by Wu, et al. (J. Biol. Chem, 2004, 279, 17181-17189). Immunoprecipitations were also performed as described by Wu, et al. (J. Biol. Chem, 2004, 279, 17181-17189). Duplex formation was performed as described herein, using ISIS 300861 (SEQ ID NO: 43, gap-disabled), ISIS 335112 (SEQ ID NO: 43, gapmer) and ISIS 335033 (SEQ ID NO: 43, uniform 2′-deoxy) as the oligomeric compounds and the mouse glucagon receptor (SEQ ID NO: 217) as the target RNA. The cleavage assay was performed as described herein for recombinant RNase H1, using RNase H1 or RNase H2 immunoprecipitated with 10 μg of the respective antibody per 1 mg total cellular protein. Samples of the cleavage assay were collected at t=0 (start of the reaction), 15, 60 and 180 minutes and products were resolved by denaturing polyacrylamide electrophoresis and visualized by using a PhosphorImager™ and IMAGEQUANT™ Software (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.). Whereas both ISIS 335033 (uniform 2′deoxy) and ISIS 335112 (gapmer) were able to direct cleavage of the target RNA by both immunoprecipitated RNase H1 and RNase H2, ISIS 300861 (gap-disabled) did not elicit detectable cleavage of the target RNA by immunoprecipitated RNase H1 or RNase H2 in this assay.

Example 55 In Vitro Nuclease Assay

In a further embodiment, the ability of gap-disabled compounds to elicit target cleavage in subcellular fractions was evaluated. HeLa cell nuclear, nuclear membrane and cytosolic fractions were isolated as described previously (Dignam, et al., Nucleic Acids Research., 1983, 11, 1475-1489) and used to test the ability of gap-disabled oligomeric compounds to elicit target reduction. Following isolation of the subcellular fractions, the cleavage assay was performed as described for recombinant RNase H1.

Duplexes between the mouse glucagon receptor RNA and oligomeric compound were prepared as described herein, using as the oligomeric compounds ISIS 335033 (SEQ ID NO: 43, uniform 2′-deoxy), ISIS 335112 (SEQ ID NO: 43, gapmer), ISIS 300861 (SEQ ID NO: 43, gap-disabled) and ISIS 298683 (SEQ ID NO: 43, uniform 2′-MOE). Annealed duplexes (10 μl) were incubated with 3 μg of the HeLa cytosolic extract at 37° C. The assay was also performed with a 4-fold higher concentration of cytosolic extract. Samples were collected at t=0 (reaction start time), 15, 60 and 180 minutes. The reaction was terminated by phenol/chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitated with the addition of 10 μg of tRNA as a carrier. Pellets were resuspended in 10 μl of denaturing loading dye and products were resolved on 12% denaturing acrylamide gels as described herein. Visualization of cleavage patterns by PhosphorImager™ detection revealed that while HeLa cytosolic extracts were capable of supporting target cleavage mediated by ISIS 335112 (gapmer) and ISIS 335033 (uniform 2′-deoxy) in a time-dependent manner, this fraction was unable to support target reduction by ISIS 300861 (gap-disabled). Additionally, ISIS 298683 (uniform 2′-MOE) was unable to direct cleavage in the cytosolic extracts.

The ability of ISIS 300861 (gap-disabled) and ISIS 335112 (gapmer) to mediate target cleavage was also tested in the nuclear fraction isolated from HeLa cells. In this assay, the mouse glucagon receptor target RNA contained a 3′ phosphorothioate cap, to improve its resistance to exonuclease activity, which, as is known in the art, is present in nuclear extracts and results in non-specific degradation of the target RNA. Annealed duplexes (10 μl) were incubated with 3 μg of the HeLa nuclear extract at 37° C. The assay was performed both in the presence and absence of beta-mercapoethanol. Samples were collected at t=0 (start of the reaction), 10 and 60 minutes. Resolution of the products on a denaturing polyacrylamide gel, followed by PhosphorImager™ detection, revealed that ISIS 300861 (gap-disabled) and ISIS 355112 (gapmer) elicited target cleavage in HeLa nuclear extracts in a time-dependent manner, both in the presence and absence of beta-mercaptoethanol. A four-fold higher concentration of nuclear extract was also able to support cleavage by both compounds.

The assay was also performed using HeLa nuclear membrane extract as source of RNase activity. Annealed duplexes (10 μl) were incubated with 3 μg of the HeLa nuclear membrane extract at 37° C. Neither ISIS 331112 (gapmer) nor ISIS 335114 (gap-disabled) was able to elicit cleavage of the target RNA in HeLa nuclear membrane extracts.

Together, these data reveal that the enzyme activity responsible for the cleavage of duplexes formed between gap-disabled oligomeric compounds and target RNAs resides in the nuclear fraction of the cell, not in the cytosolic or nuclear membrane fractions.

In the nuclear extracts, comparison of the target RNA cleavage pattern to a molecular weight ladder revealed that cleavage of the target RNA occurred only at nucleobase positions complementary to a 2′deoxynucleotide of the gap-disabled oligomeric compound, i.e. the cleavage sites were positioned within the 2′-deoxynucleotide gaps. Furthermore, within the target site for ISIS 300861, cleavage occurred preferentially at guanines.

Example 56 Influence of Divalent Cations on RNase Activity in Subcellular Extracts

Multiple RNase H-like activities exist in human cells, and these activities are differentially activated by magnesium and manganese (Wu et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279, 17181-17189). Thus, it was of interest to determine the influence of these divalent cations on the ability of RNase enzymes to cleave heteroduplexes comprising gap-disabled oligomeric compounds.

ISIS 300861 (SEQ ID NO: 43, gap-disabled) and ISIS 335112 (SEQ ID NO: 43, gapmer) were tested for their ability to direct RNase mediated cleavage in the presence of manganese or mangesium. Duplex formation and subcellular fractionation of HeLa cells were performed as described herein. The cleavage assay was also conducted as described herein, with the addition of 0.05 mM magnesium, 5 mM magnesium, 0.05 mM manganese or 5 mM manganese. The cleavage reaction was terminated at t=0 (start of the reaction), 15, 60 and 120 minutes, and samples from each of these timepoints were resolved on a denaturing polyacrylamide gel. Cleavage products were detected using a PhosphorImager™.

In nuclear extracts, prepared as described herein, both magnesium- and manganese-dependent degradation of ISIS 300861 (gap-disabled) and ISIS 335112 (gapmer) heteroduplexes was observed. The cleavage activity in the presence of 0.05 mM manganese was approximately equal to that observed in the presence of 5 mM mangesium, demonstrating that manganese is more effective than magnesium at enhancing RNase activity in HeLa cell nuclear extracts.

The influence of divalent cations on cleavage activity was similarly tested in cytosolic extracts. The assay was performed as described herein. In the presence of either 5 mM magnesium or 5 mM manganese, ISIS 300861 (gap-disabled) did not elicit cleavage of the target RNA. ISIS 335112 (gapmer) was, however, able to direct cleavage of the target RNA in cytosolic extracts.

The effects of divalent cations on cleavage by immunoprecipitated RNase H1 were also evaluated. Duplex formation between the target RNA and ISIS 300861 (gap-disabled) or ISIS 335112 (gapmer) was conducted as described herein. Immunoprecipitation and the cleavage assay were performed as described herein, with the addition of 0.05 mM mangesium, 5 mM magnesium, 0.05 mM manganese or 5 mM manganese to the cleavage assay. ISIS 335112 (gapmer) resulted in target RNA cleavage in the presence of either divalent cation at all concentrations. In contrast to the results observed in the absence of divalent cation, the addition of 5 mM manganese allowed the gap-disabled compound ISIS 300861 to direct the cleavage of the target RNA by immunoprecipitated RNase H1 in a pattern consistent with that observed for gap-disabled cleavage activity in nuclear extracts. Coupled with the observation that without additional manganese, a gap-disabled compound was unable to utilize immunoprecipitated RNase H1 to effect target RNA cleavage, these data demonstrate that additional manganese is required for immunoprecipitated RNase H1 to cleave heteroduplexes formed between a gap-disabled oligomeric compound and a target RNA.

A similar assay was performed using immunoprecipitated RNase H2, however, neither the gap-disabled nor gapmer oligomeric compound elicited target RNA cleavage by immunoprecipitated RNase H2, regardless of the presence of a divalent cation in the cleavage assay.

Further tested was the effect of divalent cations on the activity of recombinant human RNase H1. The assay was performed as described herein, using ISIS 300861 as the gap-disabled compound and ISIS 335112 as the gapmer compound. Manganese at a concentration of 5 mM was added to the cleavage assay. In contrast to the results described for the activity of recombinant RNase H1 in the absence of additional manganese, in the presence of 5 mM manganese ISIS 300861 was able to direct cleavage of its target RNA by recombinant RNase H1. The cleavage pattern mimicked those observed for nuclear extracts and for immunoprecipitated RNase H1 in the presence of manganese. These data demonstrate that manganese is required for recombinant RNase H1 to cleave heteroduplexes formed between a gap-disabled oligomeric compound and a target RNA.

To extend the observation that the presence of manganese influences the potency of gap-disabled oligomeric compounds, the extent of cleavage and the rate at which it occurs were evaluated as a function of manganese concentration. Duplex formation between ISIS 300861 and the mouse glucagon target RNA was performed as described herein. A cleavage assay was performed as described herein using recombinant human RNase H1, with the addition of manganese at 0.5, 1, 5, 20 or 50 mM. To measure the rate at which cleavage occurs, reactions were terminated at t=0 (start of the reaction), 10, 60 and 180 minutes and the percentage of RNA cleaved was calculated as described herein, using the t=0 timepoint to normalize the data from the 10, 60 and 180 minute timepoints. The data are shown in Table 34. TABLE 34 Dependence of RNA cleavage by recombinant RNase H1 on manganese concentration Time Concentration of manganese (mM) (minutes) 0.5 1 5 20 50 10 3 56 68 63 0 60 6 69 74 69 0 180 12 75 75 70 12

These data demonstrate concentration-dependent cleavage at 0.5 and 1 mM manganese, however, the addition of 5 or 20 nM manganese did not further increase target cleavage. The addition of 50 mM manganese inhibited cleavage of the target RNA.

A comparison of cleavage rates achieved by ISIS 335112 (gapmer) and ISIS 300861 (gap-disabled) was conducted. Duplexes formed with the target RNA and ISIS 335112 were cleaved at rates of 0.7 and 1.3 nM per minute in the presence of 50 and 500 uM manganese, respectively. Duplexes formed with the target RNA and ISIS 300861 were cleaved at 0.1 and 0.3 uM per minute at manganese concentrations of 50 and 500 uM, respectively. These data demonstrate that cleavage elicited by the gapmer oligomeric compound occurs at a higher rate than that elicited by the gap-disabled oligomeric compound.

Example 57 siRNA-Mediated Disruption of RNase H1 Activity: Influence on Gap-Disabled Oligomeric Compound Potency

In a further embodiment, the participation of RNase H1 in the cleavage of target RNA mediated by gap-disabled oligomeric compounds was tested following disruption of cellular RNase H1 mRNA by siRNAs. Because siRNAs elicit target reduction through mechanisms not dependent on RNase H1, the use of siRNAs to disrupt the expression of RNase H1 is a method by which the activity of RNase H1 can be reduced, while not interfering with the pathway through which it acts. In this assay, cells receive a first treatment with an siRNA to reduce RNase H1 mRNA, followed by a second treatment with a known or putative RNase H1-dependent compound. The target RNA cleavage following the second treatment is used to assess whether the siRNA affected the enzyme activity stimulated by the addition of the oligomeric compound.

A549 cells were treated with 100 nM of an siRNA directed to RNase H1, comprised of the antisense strand with the sequence CUCAUCCUCUGUGGCAAACUU (SEQ ID NO: 218) annealed to the complementary sense strand (AAGUUUGCCACAGAGGAUGAG, SEQ ID NO: 219). Both strands are oligoribonucleotides with phosphodiester linkages throughout the compounds. As controls, cells were treated with 100 nM of the single-strand sense RNA (SEQ ID NO: 219) or were left untreated. Following 10 hours of treatment, RNase H1 mRNA expression was measured by quantitative real-time PCR and was reduced by 49% in cells treated with the RNase H1 siRNA. Untreated cells and cells treated with the control siRNA showed no reduction in RNase H1 mRNA expresssion. Cells were split into 96-well format cell culture plates at a density of 6000 cells per well and were cultured for an additional 10 hours. Next, cells were treated with ISIS 336848 (SEQ ID NO: 105) at 5, 10 or 30 nM. ISIS 336848 is a gap-disabled compound targeted to C-raf and having the motif 3-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-3; internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate throughout the compound and all cytosines are 5-methylcytosines. C-raf mRNA was measured by quantitative real-time PCR as described herein. Untreated cells served as the control to which data were normalized. The data are presented in Table 35 as percentage reduction in C-raf mRNA. TABLE 35 Gap-disabled mediated reduction of C-raf mRNA in A549 cells with lowered RNase H1 activity Reduction in C-raf mRNA Concentration of gap-disabled compound (nM) 5 10 30 Single-strand sense RNA 40 61 89 No siRNA 39 55 89 RNase H1 siRNA 32 48 83

These data demonstrate that, in comparison to cells treated with a control sense RNA or cells left untreated, the reduction in expression of RNase H1 mRNA results in a decrease in the ability of the gap-disabled oligomeric compound to result in cleavage of its target mRNA. For example, whereas a dose of 5 nM of ISIS 336848 results in 39% and 40% reductions in target mRNA in cells receiving no siRNA or single-strand sense RNA, respectively, C-raf mRNA is reduced by only 32% in cells in which RNase H1 has been reduced by siRNA treatment.

This assay was also performed in HeLa cells, in which either RNase H1 or RNase H2 was disrupted using siRNAs directed to the mRNA sequence encoding each respective enzyme. The siRNA directed to RNase H1 was comprised of SEQ ID NOs: 218 and 219. The siRNA directed to RNase H2 was comprised of the antisense strand with the sequence GGAGCCUUGCGUCCUGGGCTT (SEQ ID NO: 220), annealed to the complementary sense strand GCCCAGGACGCAAGGCTCCTT (SEQ ID NO: 221). SEQ ID NOs 220 and 221 are oligoribonucleotides 19 nucleobases in length each having a two-nucleobase overhang of deoxythymidine. In cells receiving no first treatment with siRNA, the second treatment with 5, 10 or 30 nM of ISIS 336848 (gap-disabled) resulted in 18, 32 and 75% reductions in C-raf mRNA. In cells in which RNase H2 was disrupted, a second treatment with 5, 10 or 30 nM of ISIS 336848 (gap-disabled) resulted in 23, 38 and 73% reductions in C-raf mRNA. Thus, disruption of RNase H2 did not significantly affect gap-disabled oligomeric compound activity. However, in cells in which RNase H1 was disrupted, a second treatment with 5, 10 or 30 nM of the gap-disabled oligomeric compound resulted in 14, 28 and 58% reductions in C-raf mRNA. These data illustrate that siRNA-mediated reduction of RNase H1 mRNA reduced the potency of the gap-disabled compound. Thus, gap-disabled compounds elicit target RNA cleavage through the activity of RNase H1.

Example 58 Overexpression of RNase H

In a further embodiment, RNase H overexpression in cultured cells was tested for its effects on the potency of gap-disabled oligomeric compounds. RNase H overexpression was accomplished using the RNase H full-length coding regions packaged in adenoviral vectors, which were prepared as previously described (Wu et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279, 17181-17189). An RNase H1 adenoviral vector was prepared using the full-length RNase H1 coding region. An RNase H2 adenoviral vector was prepared in the same manner, using the RNase H2 full-length coding region. An additional vector was prepared using a truncated human RNase H1 cDNA that encodes a protein lacking the 26 N-terminal amino acids; this construct is named RNase H1(−26). Two native isoforms of human RNase H1 exist in the cell: a full length RNase H1 and the truncated RNase H1. The N-terminal 26 amino acids of human RNase H1 comprise a mitochondial localization signal, thus the full-length isoform is found predominantly in the cytosol and mitochondria and the truncated protein (lacking the localization signal) is found predominantly in the nucleus. When compared in the in vitro assays described herein, both isoforms behave similarly with respects to enzyme kinetics. A control vector, pLox, contained the shuttle vector used in preparation of the RNase H-containing viruses and lacked the inserted genes.

In this assay, HeLa cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 0.005 mg/mL insulin, 0.005 mg/mL transferring, 5 ng/mL selenium, 40 ng/mL dexamethasone (medium and all supplements from Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were plated at a density of approximately 6000 cells per well in 96-well plates and infected with RNase H1, RNase H2, RNase H1(−26) or pLox adenovirus at 200 plaque forming units per cell (pfu/cell). After 12 hours, cells transfected with each virus were collected for RNA isolation and real-time PCR quantitation of RNase H mRNA. The remaining cells were transfected with the gap-disabled compound ISIS 336848 (SEQ ID NO: 105) at concentrations of 15, 30 and 45 nM, using LIPOFECTIN™ as described herein. Cells were harvested 24 hours later, RNA was isolated and C-raf mRNA levels were measured using real-time PCR, as described herein. Real-time PCR measurements of RNase H1, RNase H2, RNase H1(−26) and C-raf were normalized using the housekeeping gene cyclophilin. The results of this assay are shown in Table 36. RNases H mRNA levels are shown as percent relative to RNase H expression in pLox-infected cells. C-raf mRNA levels are presented as percent reduction relative to cells that did not receive oligomeric compound treatment. TABLE 36 Gap-disabled compound potency in cells overexpressing RNases H Virus pLox RNase H1 RNase H1(−26) RNase H2 RNase H 100% 2938% 801% 1216% level Dose of ISIS 336848 % Reduction in C-raf mRNA 15 nM 30 45 37 26 30 nM 54 55 56 46 45 nM 63 67 74 60

These data demonstrate that when RNase H1 is present at a level approximately 30 times higher than that in pLox-infected cells, treatment with a 15 nM dose of the gap-disabled compound resulted in a 45% reduction in C-raf mRNA, whereas target mRNA was reduced by only 30% in pLox-infected cells. Overexpression of RNase H1(−26) to levels approximately 8 times higher than that in p-Lox-infected cells also improved the potency of the gap-disabled compound. An excess of RNase H2 did not improve the activity of the gap-disabled compound. When the % reduction in C-raf mRNA is plotted against the base-10 logarithm of the gap-disabled compound concentration, an increase in gap-disabled compound activity is apparent at all oligomeric compound concentrations tested in this assay. Similar observations were made in cells expressing any of the RNases H at levels 5 to 7 times that of the p-Lox-infected cells. These data suggest that overexpression of either isoform improves gap-disabled oligomeric compound activity and that gap-disabled oligomeric compounds are active in both the nucleus and cytosol. These data further illustrate that gap-disabled compounds elicit target RNA cleavage through RNase H1.

Example 59 In Vivo Analysis of Gap-Disabled Compounds Targeted to Mouse Glucagon Receptor

In a further embodiment, gap-disabled chimeric oligomeric compounds targeted to mouse glucagon receptor were tested for their effects on target reduction in vivo. The gap-disabled compounds were: ISIS 332866, ISIS 332868, ISIS 352426 and ISIS 352427 (all with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43). Also tested were ISIS 180475 (SEQ ID NO: 43), a gapmer compound; ISIS 332867, also a gapmer compound; ISIS 335032 (SEQ ID NO: 43), an olgiomeric compound uniformly comprised of 2′-deoxynucleotides and ISIS 298683 (SEQ ID NO: 43), an oligomeric compound uniformly comprised of 2′-MOE nucleotides. The motif of each compound is shown in Table 37 as described for other compounds herein. Male Balb/c mice, 6 to 7 weeks of age, received twice weekly intraperitoneal injections of approximately 1, 3 or 10 mg/kg of the compounds shown in Table 37. Saline-injected animals served as a control group and were injected in the same manner as the olgiomeric compounds. Each treatment group contained 4 animals.

Liver RNA was analyzed for glucagon receptor expression levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described by other examples herein, using the housekeeping gene cyclophilin A to normalize RNA levels among samples. In Table 37, glucagon receptor mRNA expression levels are shown as percentage of saline-treated control glucagon receptor levels. A value less than or greater than 100 indicates a decrease or increase in mRNA expression, respectively. If present, “ND” indicates “not determined”. TABLE 37 Target reduction following treatment with chimeric oligomeric compounds targeted to mouse glucagon receptor % Control SEQ Dose of oligonucleotide ISIS # ID NO Motif 10 mg/kg 3 mg/kg 1 mg/kg 335032 43 Uniform 10 85 117 2′-deoxy 332866 43 3 -5- 4 -5- 3 27 53 115 332867 43 3 -14- 3 12 111 112 332868 43 3 -3- 2 -4- 2 -3- 3 40 77 107 352426 43 2 -6- 4 -6- 2 21 66 115 352427 43 2 -7- 2 -7- 2 9 48 122 298683 43 Uniform 84 ND ND 2′-MOE 180475 43 5 -10- 5 15 53 93

These results demonstrate that treatment with 3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg doses of the gap-disabled compounds ISIS 332866, ISIS 332868, ISIS 352426 and ISIS 352427, in addition to the gapmer compound ISIS 180475 and the uniform 2′-deoxy compound ISIS 335032, inhibited mouse glucagon receptor mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner in vivo. ISIS 332867 inhibited mouse glucagon receptor mRNA expression at the 10 mg/kg dose.

Example 60 In Vivo Analysis of Chimeric Oligomeric Compounds Targeted to FAS: Levin Rat Model

The Levin model is a polygenic model of rats selectively bred to develop diet-induced obesity (DIO) associated with impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance when fed a high-fat diet. The advantage of this model is that it displays traits more similar to human obesity and glucose intolerance than in animals that are obese/hyperinsulinemic due to genetic defects, for example, a defect in leptin signaling. In a further embodiment, the gap-disabled compound ISIS 304170 (SEQ ID NO: 60), targeted to rat fatty acid synthase (FAS), was tested for its effects on target reduction in the Levin rat model. Male Levin rats were purchases from Charles River Laboratories at approximately 8 weeks of age. Rats were fed a high-fat diet (60% fat) for 8 weeks, after which the animals were divided into three groups and treated with saline, ISIS 304170 or the gapmer ISIS 256899 (SEQ ID NO: 60). ISIS 256899, also targeted to rat FAS, was used as a positive control for target reduction. Treatments were administered subcutaneously at a dose of 25 mg/kg, twice weekly, for 8 weeks. Control groups consisted of animals on the high-fat diet receiving saline treatment and animals on a standard rodent diet receiving saline treatment. Each treatment group included 5 to 6 animals.

At the end of the 8 week treatment period, animals were sacrificed and liver was collected for FAS protein analysis and white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) were collected for measurement of FAS mRNA expression. mRNA was measured by real-time PCR as described herein and were normalized to levels in saline treated animals that received a high-fat diet. Protein levels were measured by western blot as described herein, using an antibody recognizing rodent FAS (BD Transduction Laboratories of the BD Pharmingen Unit, San Diego, Calif.) and were normalized to levels in saline treated animals that received a high-fat diet. Data are shown in Table 38 and are expressed as percentage of high-fat diet saline control. If present, “ND” indicates “not determined”. Also shown in Table 38 are serum cholesterol (mg/dL), triglyceride (mg/dL) and liver transaminase (ALT and AST, IU/L) levels, which were measured at the end of the study using routine clinical analyzer instruments (e.g. Olympus Clinical Analyzer, Melville, N.Y.). TABLE 38 FAS, cholesterol and triglycerides in Levin rats treated with chimeric oligomeric compounds High High High Standard Fat Fat Fat Treatment Saline Saline ISIS ISIS 304170 256899 % FAS protein, 110 100 55 39 Liver % FAS mRNA, WAT ND 100 21 17 % FAS mRNA, BAT ND 100 5 6 Serum Cholesterol 81 81 69 160 (mg/dL) Serum Triglyceride 269 377 104 607 (mg/dL) ALT (IU/L) 79 73 158 61 AST (IU/L) 45 30 51 32

These data demonstrate that the gap-disabled compound ISIS 304170 resulted in a marked reduction in rat FAS mRNA expression in both white and brown adipose tissue. Furthermore, rat FAS protein levels were reduced in liver following treatment with ISIS 304170. FAS mRNA and protein levels were similar to those observed following treatment with the gapmer compound. Furthermore, cholesterol and triglycerides in Levin rats receiving a high-fat diet were markedly lowered by treatment with ISIS 304170, whereas ISIS 256899 did not lower cholesterol and triglycerides in Levin rats receiving a high-fat diet. AST and ALT levels were not at levels considered indicative of toxicity.

Plasma glucose concentrations were measured at 0 (beginning of study) and 8 (end of study) weeks of treatment by routine clinical analysis using a YSI2700 Select™ Biochemistry Analyzer (YSI Inc., Yellow Spring, Ohio). Plasma insulin levels were measured at 0 and 8 weeks of treatment using an insulin ELISA kit (ALPCO Diagnostics, Windham, N.H.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Plasma leptin levels were measured at 0 and 8 weeks using a rat leptin ELISA kit (Crystal Chem Inc., Downer's Grove, Ill.). Leptin is a hormone that regulates appetite. Plasma insulin, glucose and leptin levels are shown in Table 39. TABLE 39 Plasma leptin, glucose and insulin in Levin rats treated with chimeric oligomeric compounds Diet and Treatment Study High High High week Standard Fat Fat Fat Saline Saline 304170 256899 Plasma Leptin (ng/mL) 0 11 42 46 46 Plasma Leptin (ng/mL) 8 10 57 8 24 Plasma Glucose (mg/dL) 0 106 103 100 105 Plasma Glucose (mg/dL) 8 95 115 106 98 Plasma Insulin (ng/mL) 0 1.3 3.3 3.6 2.9 Plasma Insulin (ng/mL) 8 1.0 1.8 0.9 0.8

These data demonstrate that after 8 weeks, relative to animals receiving a high-fat diet and saline treatment, treatment with ISIS 304170 and ISIS 256899 lowered plasma leptin, glucose and insulin levels. ISIS 304170 lowered plasma leptin and insulin levels to those observed in rats on a standard diet. ISIS 256899 lowered plasma glucose levels to those observed in rats on a standard diet.

After 4 weeks of treatment, an insulin tolerance test was performed. After 7 weeks of treatment, a glucose tolerance test was performed. For the tolerance tests, a baseline tail blood glucose measurement was obtained, after which 1.0 g/kg glucose or 0.5 units/kg insulin was administered orally or intraperitoneally, respectively. Tail blood glucose levels were measured using a Glucometer® instrument (Abbott Laboratories, Bedford, Mass.) at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes following the challenge with insulin and 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes following the glucose challenge. Insulin sensitivity in the animals receiving ISIS 304170 and ISIS 256899 was similar to animals on a standard diet receiving saline treatment and was improved relative to saline-treated animals on a high-fat diet. Glucose tolerance was not improved by treatment with ISIS 304170 or ISIS 256899.

Body weight and food intake were measured weekly throughout the study. At the beginning of the study, animals on the high-fat diet weighed approximately 670 grams. Whereas the saline-treated rats maintained this weight throughout the treatment period, the body weights of rats treated with ISIS 304170 and ISIS 256899 dropped to approximately 500 g, the same body weight as the rats on a standard rodent diet, by the end of the study. Throughout the study, food intake among rats treated with ISIS 304170 and ISIS 256899 was approximately half that among saline treated rats. Thus, concomitant with a reduction in FAS mRNA and protein, body weight and food intake were lowered.

At the end of the study, liver and spleen weights, increases in which can indicate toxicity, were measured. Relative to saline-treated rats on a high-fat diet, liver weights were lower in rats receiving ISIS 304170 and slightly higher in rats receiving ISIS 256899. The converse was true for spleen weights, which were slightly raised in rats receiving ISIS 304170. Fat depot weights were also determined. Treatment with ISIS 304170 and ISIS 256899 prevented increases in brown adipose tissue and intra-abdominal white adipose tissue (both epididymal and perinephric fat) weights, which were all significantly raised in saline-treated rats on a high-fat diet.

Metabolic rate was measured after 4 weeks and 8 weeks of oligomeric compound treatment using indirect calorimetry in a metabolic chamber (Oxymax System, Columbus Instruments, Columbus, Ohio). No significant differenced in metabolic rates were observed when oligomeric compound-treated mice were compared to saline-treated mice.

This study in a rat model of diabetes and obesity illustrates that treatment with the gap-disabled compound ISIS 304170 reduces rat FAS protein expression. Concomitant reductions are observed in body weight, fat depot weight, food intake, plasma leptin, plasma insulin, serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides and insulin sensitivity. Thus, this compound has applications in the treatment of diabetes, obesity and related conditions.

Example 61 In Vivo Analysis of Chimeric Oligomeric Compounds Targeted to FAS: Mouse Model of Diabetes and Obesity

Leptin is a hormone produced by fat that regulates appetite. Deficiencies in this hormone lead to obesity in animals. ob/ob mice have a mutation in the leptin gene which results in obesity and hyperglycemia. As such, these mice are a useful model for the investigation of obesity and diabetes and treatments designed to treat these conditions. ob/ob mice have higher circulating levels of insulin and are less hyperglycemic than db/db mice, which harbor a mutation in the leptin receptor. In accordance with the present invention, the oligomeric compounds of the invention are tested in the ob/ob model of obesity and diabetes.

Seven-week old male C57B1/6J-Lep ob/ob mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were fed a diet with a fat content of approximately 11% and were subcutaneously injected with ISIS 304171 (SEQ ID NO: 59) or ISIS 148548 (SEQ ID NO: 59) at a dose of 25 mg/kg two times per week for 8 weeks. Saline-injected animals served as a control group. Each treatment group contained 8 mice.

After the treatment period, mice were sacrificed and FAS protein levels were measured by western blot in liver and white adipose tissue (WAT), using an antibody that recognizes mouse FAS (BD Transduction Laboratories of the BD Pharmingen Unit, San Diego, Calif.). Relative to FAS protein levels in saline-treated mice, treatment with ISIS 304171 reduced protein expression by 66% in liver and by 62% in white adipose tissue. Treatment with ISIS 148548 resulted in 93% and 81% reductions in fatty acid protein in liver and white adipose tissue, respectively.

To assess the physiological effects resulting from reduction of FAS expression, the mice were further evaluated at the end of the treatment period for serum triglycerides, serum cholesterol, and serum transaminase levels. Triglycerides, cholesterol and transaminases were measured by routine clinical analyzer instruments (e.g. Olympus Clinical Analyzer, Melville, N.Y.). Triglyceride levels were 173, 101 and 118 mg/dL in mice receiving treatment with saline, ISIS 304171 or ISIS 148548, respectively. Cholesterol levels were 312, 221 and 218 mg/dL in mice receiving treatment with saline, ISIS 304171 or ISIS 148548, respectively. These data demonstrate that treatment with either the gap-disabled compound or gapmer compound targeted to FAS reduced both cholesterol and triglyceride levels in ob/ob mice on a high fat diet. Also reduced were the liver transaminases ALT and AST (measured in international units/liter, or IU/L), indicating an improvement in liver function following treatment of ob/ob animals with a gap-disabled or gapmer compound. AST levels were 511, 277 and 334 IU/L in mice receiving treatment with saline, ISIS 304171 or ISIS 148548, respectively. ALT levels were 751, 481 and 344 IU/L in mice receiving treatment with saline, ISIS 304171 or ISIS 148548, respectively.

Body weight was monitored throughout the study. Body weights in all 3 treatment groups increased steadily throughout the first 5 weeks. After 6, 7 and 8 weeks of treatment, the average body weight in ISIS 304171-treated mice was 59 grams. The average body weight in ISIS 148548-treated mice after 6, 7 and 8 weeks of treatment was 58 grams. However, in the saline-treated mice, the average body weight at 6, 7 and 8 weeks was 64 grams. Thus, treatment with the gap-disabled or gapmer compound targeted to FAS resulted in reduced weight gain in ob/ob mice on a high fat diet.

Metabolic rate was measured after 5 weeks of oligomeric compound treatment using indirect calorimetry in a metabolic chamber (Oxymax System, Columbus Instruments, Columbus, Ohio). No significant differenced in metabolic rates were observed when oligomeric compound-treated mice were compared to saline-treated mice.

Adipose tissue weight was also measured at the end of the study. No significant differences were observed when the oligomeric compound-treated mice were compared to saline-treated mice.

The effects of target inhibition on glucose metabolism were also evaluated. After 7 weeks of treatment with oligomeric compounds, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Mice received an oral dose of approximately 1 g/kg of glucose, and blood glucose levels were measured at 30 minute intervals for up to 2 hours. Glucose levels are measured using a YSI glucose analyzer (YSI Scientific, Yellow Springs, Ohio). No differences in glucose tolerance were observed when oligomeric compound-treated mice were compared to saline-treated mice.

These data demonstrate that the gap-disabled compound ISIS 304171, like the gapmer compound ISIS 148548, reduced FAS expression in the livers of ob/ob mice. Furthermore, reductions were observed in serum cholesterol and triglycerides, body weight and liver transaminases.

Various modifications of the invention, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Each reference (including, but not limited to, journal articles, U.S. and non-U.S. patents, patent application publications, international patent application publications, gene bank accession numbers, and the like) cited in the present application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 

1. A chimeric oligomeric compound comprising from about 5 to about 80 linked nucleosides, wherein the chimeric oligomeric compound is divided into at least 5 separate regions, wherein each of the regions is a continuous sequence from 1 to about 5 nucleosides each comprising a 3′-endo sugar conformational geometry or a continuous sequence of from 1 to about 5 2′-deoxyribonucleosides, and wherein each of the regions comprising from 1 to about 5 2′-deoxyribonucleosides is internally located between two of the regions comprising 1 to about 5 nucleosides each comprising a 3′-endo sugar conformational geometry or at one of the 3′ or 5′-termini.
 2. The compound of claim 1 comprising 5 separate regions.
 3. The compound of claim 1 comprising 7 separate regions.
 4. The compound of claim 1 comprising 9 separate regions.
 5. The compound of claim 1 comprising 11 separate regions.
 6. The compound of claim 1 comprising 13 separate regions.
 7. The compound of claim 1 comprising 15 separate regions.
 8. The compound of claim 1 comprising 17 separate regions.
 9. The compound of claim 1 wherein each of the regions is from 1 to 4 nucleosides in length.
 10. The compound of claim 1 wherein each of the regions is, independently, from 2 to 4 nucleosides in length.
 11. The compound of claim 1 wherein each of the regions is, independently, from 1 to 3 nucleosides in length.
 12. The compound of claim 1 wherein each of the regions is, independently, from 2 to 3 nucleosides in length.
 13. The compound of claim 1 wherein each of the regions comprising a continuous sequence of nucleosides each comprising a 3′-endo sugar conformational geometry is, independently, from 1 to 4 nucleosides in length.
 14. The compound of claim 1 wherein each of the regions comprising a continuous sequence of nucleosides each comprising a 3′-endo sugar conformational geometry is, independently, from 2 to 4 nucleosides in length.
 15. The compound of claim 1 wherein each of the regions comprising a continuous sequence of nucleosides each comprising a 3′-endo sugar conformational geometry is, independently, from 3 to 4 nucleosides in length.
 16. The compound of claim 1 wherein each of the regions comprising a continuous sequence of nucleosides each comprising a 3′-endo sugar conformational geometry is, independently, from 2 to 3 nucleosides in length.
 17. The compound of claim 1 wherein each of the regions comprising a continuous sequence of 2′-deoxyribonucleosides is, independently, from 1 to 4 nucleosides in length.
 18. The compound of claim 1 wherein each of the regions comprising a continuous sequence of 2′-deoxyribonucleosides is, independently, from 2 to 4 nucleosides in length.
 19. The compound of claim 1 wherein each of the regions comprising a continuous sequence of 2′-deoxyribonucleosides is, independently, from 3 to 4 nucleosides in length.
 20. The compound of claim 1 wherein each of the regions comprising a continuous sequence of 2′-deoxyribonucleosides is, independently, from 2 to 3 nucleosides in length.
 21. The compound of claim 1 wherein each of the regions positioned at the terminal 3′ and 5′ ends comprise from 2 to 5 nucleosides in length.
 22. The compound of claim 1 wherein each of the regions positioned at the terminal 3′ and 5′ ends comprise from 2 to 4 nucleosides in length.
 23. The compound of claim 1 wherein each of the regions positioned at the terminal 3′ and 5′ ends comprise from 3 to 4 nucleosides in length.
 24. The compound of claim 1 wherein each of the regions positioned at the terminal 3′ and 5′ ends comprise from 2 to 3 nucleosides in length.
 25. The compound of claim 1 wherein each of the nucleosides comprising a 3′-endo sugar conformational geometry is, independently, a sugar modified nucleoside, a base modified nucleoside, or a nucleoside having one or more modifications that include both the base and the sugar.
 26. The compound of claim 25 wherein each of the nucleosides comprising a 3′-endo sugar conformational geometry is a sugar modified nucleoside.
 27. The compound of claim 26 wherein each of the sugar modified nucleosides, independently, comprises a 2′-substituent group.
 28. The compound of claim 27 wherein each of the 2′-substituent groups is, independently, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, —O-alkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O-alkynyl, —O-alkylamino, —O-alkylalkoxy, —O-alkylaminoalkyl, —O-alkyl imidazole, —OH, —SH, —S-alkyl, —S-alkenyl, —S-alkynyl, —N(H)-alkyl, —N(H)-alkenyl, —N(H)-alkynyl, —N(alkyl)₂, —O-aryl, —S-aryl, —NH-aryl, —O-aralkyl, —S-aralkyl, —N(H)-aralkyl, phthalimido (attached at N), halogen, amino, keto (—C(═O)—R_(a)), carboxyl (—C(═O)OH), nitro (—NO₂), nitroso (—N═O), cyano (—CN), trifluoromethyl (—CF₃), trifluoromethoxy (—O—CF₃), imidazole, azido (—N₃), hydrazino (—N(H)—NH₂), aminooxy (—O—NH₂), isocyanato (—N═C═O), sulfoxide (—S(═O)—R_(a)), sulfone (—S(═O)₂—R_(a)), disulfide (—S—S—R_(a)), silyl, heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl, an intercalator, a reporter group, a conjugate group, polyamine, polyamide, polyalkylene glycol, or a polyether of the formula (—O-alkyl)m_(a); wherein each R_(a) is, independently, hydrogen, a protecting group or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, wherein the substituent group is haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, haloalkoxy or aryl as well as halogen, hydroxyl, amino, azido, carboxy, cyano, nitro, mercapto, a sulfide group, a sulfonyl group, or a sulfoxide group; or each sugar substituent group has one of formula I_(a) or II_(a):

wherein: R_(b) is O, S or NH; R_(d) is a single bond, O, S or C(═O); R_(e) is C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, N(R_(k))(R_(m)), N(R_(k))(R_(n)), N═C(R_(p))(R_(q)), N═C(R_(p))(R_(r)), or has formula III_(a);

R_(p) and R_(q) are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl; R_(r) is —R_(x)—R_(y); each R_(s), R_(t), R_(u) and R_(v) is, independently, hydrogen, C(O)R_(w), substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, a chemical functional group or a conjugate group, wherein the substituent group is hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; or optionally, R_(u) and R_(v), together form a phthalimido moiety with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached; each R_(w) is, independently, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, cyanoethyloxy, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, allyloxy, 9-fluorenylmethoxy, 2-(trimethylsilyl)-ethoxy, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxy, benzyloxy, butyryl, iso-butyryl, phenyl or aryl; R_(k) is hydrogen, a nitrogen protecting group or —R_(x)—R_(y); R_(p) is hydrogen, a nitrogen protecting group or —R_(x)—R_(y); R_(x) is a bond or a linking moiety; R_(y) is a chemical functional group, a conjugate group or a solid support medium; each R_(m) and R_(n) is, independently, H, a nitrogen protecting group, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, wherein the substituent group is hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, NH₃ ^(+, N(R) _(u))(R_(v)), guanidine, or acyl where the acyl is an acid amide or an ester; or R_(m) and R_(n), together, are a nitrogen protecting group, are joined in a ring structure that optionally includes an additional heteroatom selected from N and O or are a chemical functional group; R_(i) is OR_(z), SR_(z), or N(R_(z))₂; each R_(z) is, independently, H, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C(═NH)N(H)R_(u), C(═O)N(H)R_(u), or OC(═O)N(H)R_(u); R_(f), R_(g) and R_(h) comprise a ring system comprising from about 4 to about 7 carbon atoms or comprising from about 3 to about 6 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms wherein the heteroatoms are oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur and wherein the ring system is aliphatic, unsaturated aliphatic, aromatic, or saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic; R_(j) is alkyl or haloalkyl having 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, alkynyl having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, aryl having 6 to about 14 carbon atoms, N(R_(k))(R_(m)) OR_(k), halo, SR_(k) or CN; m_(a) is 1 to about 10; each mb is, independently, 0 or 1; mc is 0 or an integer from 1 to 10; md is an integer from 1 to 10; me is from 0, 1 or 2; and provided that when mc is 0, md is greater than
 1. 29. The compound of claim 26 wherein each of the 2′-substituent groups is, independently, O(CH₂)₂OCH₃, O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O(CH₂)₂ON(CH₃)₂, O(CH₂)₂N(CH₃)₂, OCH₂C(═O)N(H)CH₃, OCH₃, O(CH₂)₂NH₂, O(CH₂)₂N(CH₃)₂, O(CH₂)₃NH₂, O(CH₂)₃N(H)CH₃, CH₂CH═CH₂, or O(CH₂)₂S(O)CH₃.
 30. The compound of claim 25 wherein each of the 2′-substituent groups is, independently, OCH₃, OCH₂CH₂OCH₃, N₃, CH₂CHCH₂, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, COOH, CONR¹R², CONR¹R², NR¹R², —SR¹, NR¹OR², or F wherein each R¹ and R² is, independently, hydrogen, a nitrogen protecting group, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, wherein the substituent group is hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, guanidine, or acyl where the acyl is an acid amide or an ester.
 31. The compound of claim 1 wherein at least one of the nucleosides of one of the regions comprising 3′-endo sugar conformational geometry is a xlyo nucleoside.
 32. The compound of claim 1 wherein at least one of the nucleosides of one of the regions comprising 3′-endo sugar conformational geometry is an arbino nucleoside.
 33. The compound of claim 1 wherein at least one of the nucleosides of one of the regions comprising 3′-endo sugar conformational geometry has a bicyclic sugar moiety.
 34. The compound of claim 33 wherein at least one of the bicyclic sugar moieties is a locked nucleic acid (LNA).
 35. The compound of claim 23 wherein at least one of the nucleosides comprising a 3′-endo sugar conformational geometry is a base modified nucleoside.
 36. The compound of claim 35 wherein the modified base nucleoside is 5-methyl cytosine.
 37. The compound of claim 35 wherein each cytosine containing nucleoside is substituted with a 5-methyl cytosine containing nucleoside.
 38. The compound of claim 35 wherein at least one of the nucleosides of one of the regions comprising 3′-endo sugar conformational geometry comprises a modified heterocyclic base moiety selected from the group consisting of 2-thiothymine, 2′-O-methylpseudouricyl, 7-halo-7-deaza purine, 7-propyne-7-deaza purine, and 2,6-diaminopurine.
 39. The compound of claim 1 wherein each of the nucleosides is linked by an internucleoside linking group independently selected from the group consisting of phosphodiester, phosphorothioate, chiral phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphotriester, aminoalkylphosphotriester, methyl phosphonate, alkyl phosphonate, 5′-alkylene phosphonate, chiral phosphonate, phosphinate, phosphoramidate, 3′-amino phosphoramidate, aminoalkylphosphoramidate, thionophosphoramidate, thionoalkylphosphonate, thionoalkylphosphotriester, selenophosphate, and boranophosphate.
 40. The compound of claim 39 wherein each of the nucleosides is, independently, linked by phosphodiester or phosphorothioate.
 41. The compound of claim 40 wherein each of the nucleosides is linked by a phosphorothioate internucleoside linking group.
 42. The compound of claim 1 wherein each nucleoside of the regions comprising 3′-endo conformational geometry comprises a 2′-O—CH₂CH₂—O—CH₃ group.
 43. The compound of claim 1 comprising from about 5 to 50 nucleosides in length.
 44. The compound of claim 1 comprising from about 12 to 30 nucleosides in length.
 45. The compound of claim 1 comprising from about 15 to 25 nucleosides in length.
 46. The compound of claim 1 comprising from about 21 to 25 nucleosides in length.
 47. The compound of claim 1 wherein each nucleoside of the regions comprising 3′-endo conformational geometry comprises a 2′-O—CH₃ group.
 48. The compound of claim 1 wherein each nucleoside of the regions comprising 3′-endo conformational geometry comprises a 2′-fluoro group.
 49. The compound of claim 1 wherein each nucleoside of the regions comprising 3′-endo conformational geometry is a LNA nucleoside.
 50. The compound of claim 1 comprising from about 13 to 30 nucleosides in length.
 51. A method of reducing target mRNA levels in a cell in vitro comprising contacting the cell with a gap-disabled compound listed in Table 13 or Table
 26. 52. A method of reducing cell surface expression of CD86 in an MH-S cell comprising contacting the cell with a gap-disabled compound.
 53. A method of reducing viability of a cell comprising contacting the cell with a gap-disabled compound listed in Table
 28. 54. An oligomeric compound comprising the gap-disabled motif 2-1-1-2-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-3-2.
 55. A method of reducing the hepatotoxicity of an oligonucleotide comprising incorporating a gap-disabled motif into the oligonucleotide.
 56. The method of claim 55 wherein the gap-disabled motif is 2-1-1-2- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1-1-3-2 or 3-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-3.
 57. The method of claim 55 wherein the gap-disabled motif comprises at least 9 alternating 3′-endo and 2′-endo regions.
 58. A double-stranded heteroduplex compound comprising a gap-disabled oligonucleotide having the gap-disabled motif of 3-2-1-3-1-3-1-3-3.
 59. A method of eliciting cleavage of a target RNA comprising contacting the target RNA with a gap-disabled compound comprising the gap-disabled motif of 3-2-1-3-1-3-1-3-3.
 60. The method of claim 59 wherein the cleavage of the target RNA occurs in the nucleus.
 61. The method of claim 59 wherein the cleavage position on the target RNA occurs within the 2′-deoxynucleotide gaps.
 62. The method of claim 59 wherein the cleavage occurs at a guanine residue.
 63. A method of reducing target RNA levels in an animal comprising contacting the animal with a gap-disabled compound comprising a gap-disabled motif listed in Table 13 or Table 26 and wherein the gap-disabled compound comprises a nucleobase sequence substantially complementary to a portion of the target RNA.
 64. A method of lowering cholesterol or triglycerides in an animal comprising contacting the animal with a gap-disabled compound comprising the gap-disabled motif 3-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-3.
 65. A method of lowering plasma leptin, glucose, or plasma insulin in an animal comprising contacting the animal with a gap-disabled compound having the gap-disabled motif 3-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-3.
 66. A method of lowering body weight, fat depot weight or food intake in an animal comprising contacting the animal with a gap-disabled compound comprising the gap-disabled motif 3-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-3.
 67. A method of reducing serum cholesterol, triglycerides or body weight in an obese animal comprising contacting the animal with a gap-disabled compound comprising the gap-disabled motif of 3-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-3. 